SQL面试题练习 —— 查询前2大和前2小用户并有序拼接

1 题目

有用户账户表，包含年份，用户id和值,请按照年份分组，取出值前两小和前两大对应的用户id，需要保持值最小和最大的用户id排首位。

样例数据

+-------+----------+--------+
| year  | user_id  | value  |
+-------+----------+--------+
| 2022  | A        | 30     |
| 2022  | B        | 10     |
| 2022  | C        | 20     |
| 2023  | A        | 40     |
| 2023  | B        | 50     |
| 2023  | C        | 20     |
| 2023  | D        | 30     |
+-------+----------+--------+

期望结果

+-------+-----------------+-----------------+
| year  | max2_user_list  | min2_user_list  |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2022  | A,C             | B,C             |
| 2023  | B,A             | C,D             |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------+

2 建表语句

--建表语句
create table if not exists t_amount
(
    year    string,
    user_id string,
    value   bigint
)
    ROW FORMAT DELIMITED
        FIELDS TERMINATED BY ','
    STORED AS orc;

--插入数据

insert into t_amount(year, user_id, value)
values ('2022', 'A', 30),
       ('2022', 'B', 10),
       ('2022', 'C', 20),
       ('2023', 'A', 40),
       ('2023', 'B', 50),
       ('2023', 'C', 20),
       ('2023', 'D', 30)

3 题解

（1）row_number函数根据年份分组，value正排和倒排得到两个序列

select user_id
     , year
     , value
     , row_number() over (partition by year order by value desc) as desc_rn
     , row_number() over (partition by year order by value)      as rn
from t_amount

执行结果

+----------+-------+--------+----------+-----+
| user_id  | year  | value  | desc_rn  | rn  |
+----------+-------+--------+----------+-----+
| B        | 2022  | 10     | 3        | 1   |
| C        | 2022  | 20     | 2        | 2   |
| A        | 2022  | 30     | 1        | 3   |
| C        | 2023  | 20     | 4        | 1   |
| D        | 2023  | 30     | 3        | 2   |
| A        | 2023  | 40     | 2        | 3   |
| B        | 2023  | 50     | 1        | 4   |
+----------+-------+--------+----------+-----+

（2）根据年份分组，取出value最大user_id，第二大user_id，最小user_id，第二小user_id

根据年份分组，取出每年最大、第二大，最小、第二小用户ID。使用 if 对desc_rn，rn进行判断，对符合条件的数据取出 user_id，其他去null，然后使用聚合函数取出结果。

select year,
       max(if(desc_rn = 1, user_id, null)) as max1_user_id,
       max(if(desc_rn = 2, user_id, null)) as max2_user_id,
       max(if(rn = 1, user_id, null))      as min1_user_id,
       max(if(rn = 2, user_id, null))      as min2_user_id
from (select user_id
           , year
           , value
           , row_number() over (partition by year order by value desc) as desc_rn
           , row_number() over (partition by year order by value)      as rn
      from t_amount) t1
group by year

执行结果

+-------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| year  | max1_user_id  | max2_user_id  | min1_user_id  | min2_user_id  |
+-------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+
| 2022  | A             | C             | B             | C             |
| 2023  | B             | A             | C             | D             |
+-------+---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+

（3）按照顺序拼接，得到最终结果

按照题目要求，进行字符拼接

• 拼接max1_user_id、max2_user_id为max2_list；
• 拼接min1_user_id、min2_user_id为min2_list;

select year,
       concat(max(if(desc_rn = 1, user_id, null)), ',',
              max(if(desc_rn = 2, user_id, null))) as max2_user_list,
       concat(max(if(rn = 1, user_id, null)), ',',
              max(if(rn = 2, user_id, null)))      as min2_user_list
from (select user_id
           , year
           , value
           , row_number() over (partition by year order by value desc) as desc_rn
           , row_number() over (partition by year order by value)      as rn
      from t_amount) t1
group by year

执行结果

+-------+-----------------+-----------------+
| year  | max2_user_list  | min2_user_list  |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------+
| 2022  | A,C             | B,C             |
| 2023  | B,A             | C,D             |
+-------+-----------------+-----------------+