1.由类创建实例,实例的属性可以通过句点访问.
2.修改类中属性的值:直接实例修改;定义方法进行设置;定义方法递增
3.子类可以继承父类属性,定义新属性,方法冲突时在子类中编写同名方法函数即可重写父类方法。super()函数关联父类和子类。
4.实例也可以作为属性赋给(见9.3.3例子)
例9.2
class Car():
"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
def __init__(self, make, model, year):
"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odmeter_reading=0#初始化定义里程
def get_descriptive_name(self):
"""描述性信息"""
long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odometer(self,miles):
"""打印里程信息"""
if miles >= 0:
self.odmeter_reading+=miles#可修改为固定输入miles
print("This car has "+str(self.odmeter_reading))
else:
print("please input a new number.")
my_new_car = Car('audi', 'a4', 2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
"""直接修改里程定义"""
my_new_car.odmeter_reading=22
my_new_car.read_odometer()
"""修改里程为可累计"""
my_new_car.read_odometer(4)
my_new_car.read_odometer(-1)
my_new_car.read_odometer(4)
例9.3.3汽车例子
class Car():
"""模拟一辆汽车"""
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
self.make=make
self.model=model
self.year=year
self.odometer_reading=0
def get_describe_name(self):
"""描述汽车信息"""
print(str(self.year)+" "+self.make+' '+self.model)
def read_odometer(self):
"""汽车走的里程"""
print("This car has "+str(self.odometer_reading)+" mils on it")
def updte_odometer(self,mileage):
if mileage>=self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading=mileage
else:
print("You can't roll back an odmeter!")
def increment_odometer(self,miles):
self.odometer_reading+=miles
class ElectricCar(Car):
"""模拟汽车中的电动车种类"""
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
"""先录入车类的基础属性"""
super(ElectricCar, self).__init__(make,model,year)
"""加入独特属性和方法"""
self.battery_size = 70
def describe_battery(self):
print("This car has a "+str(self.battery_size)+"-kwh battery. ")
"""主程序"""
my_tesla=ElectricCar('tesla','model',2016)
print(my_tesla.get_describe_name())
my_tesla.describe_battery()
将实例用作属性
class Car():
"""模拟一辆汽车"""
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
self.make=make
self.model=model
self.year=year
self.odometer_reading=0
def get_describe_name(self):
"""描述汽车信息"""
return str(self.year)+" "+self.make+' '+self.model
#此处如果用print会返回一个none输出
def read_odometer(self):
"""汽车走的里程"""
print("This car has "+str(self.odometer_reading)+" mils on it")
def updte_odometer(self,mileage):
if mileage>=self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading=mileage
else:
print("You can't roll back an odmeter!")
def increment_odometer(self,miles):
self.odometer_reading+=miles
class Battery():
"""模拟电动汽车电池"""
def __init__(self,battery_size=70):#给默认值70
self.battery_size=battery_size
def describe_battery(self):
print("This car has a "+str(self.battery_size)+"-kwh battery. ")
class ElectricCar(Car):
"""模拟汽车中的电动车种类"""
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
"""先录入车类的基础属性"""
super(ElectricCar, self).__init__(make,model,year)
"""将实例用作属性"""
self.battery = Battery()#将实例Battery()赋给属性
例9.4导入类
car.py
class Car():
"""一次模拟汽车的简单尝试"""
def __init__(self, make, model, year):
"""初始化描述汽车的属性"""
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odmeter_reading=0#初始化定义里程
def get_descriptive_name(self):
"""描述性信息"""
long_name = str(self.year) + ' ' + self.make + ' ' + self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odometer(self):
"""打印里程信息"""
print("This car has "+str(self.odmeter_reading)+" miles on it. ")
def update_odometer(self,mileage):
"""修改里程信息"""
if mileage >= self.odmeter_reading:
self.odmeter_reading=mileage#可修改为固定输入miles
else:
print("please input a new number.")
def increment_odometer(self,miles):
"""累计里程信息"""
self.odmeter_reading+=miles
my_car.py
from car import Car
my_new_car=Car('audio','a4',2016)
print(my_new_car.get_descriptive_name())
my_new_car.odmeter_reading=23
my_new_car.read_odometer()
9-1 餐馆
创建一个名为Restaurant 的类,其方法__init__() 设置两个属性:restaurant_name 和cuisine_type 。创建一个名 为describe_restaurant() 的方法和一个名为open_restaurant() 的方法,其中前者打印前述两项信息,而后者打印一条消息,指出餐馆正在营业。 根据这个类创建一个名为restaurant 的实例,分别打印其两个属性,再调用前述两个方法。
class Restaurant():
"""创建餐厅"""
def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
"""餐厅基本信息"""
self.restaurant_name=restaurant_name
self.cuisine_type=cuisine_type
def describe_resturant(self):
"""打印前述两项信息"""
print(self.restaurant_name.title() + "---"+str(self.cuisine_type))
def open_restaurant(self):
"""餐厅开业"""
print(self.restaurant_name.title()+" is now opening")
restaurant = Restaurant('a',23,)
restaurant.describe_resturant()
restaurant.open_restaurant()
注意init前后为两个"_",若只有一个报错:
Traceback (most recent call last):
restaurant = Restaurant(‘a’,23,)
TypeError: Restaurant() takes no arguments
9-2 三家餐馆
根据你为完成练习9-1而编写的类创建三个实例,并对每个实例调用方法describe_restaurant() 。
9-3 用户
创建一个名为User 的类,其中包含属性first_name 和last_name ,还有用户简介通常会存储的其他几个属性。在类User 中定义一个名 为describe_user() 的方法,它打印用户信息摘要;再定义一个名为greet_user() 的方法,它向用户发出个性化的问候。 创建多个表示不同用户的实例,并对每个实例都调用上述两个方法。
class User():
"""创建用户信息"""
def __init__(self,first_name,last_name,**abtrast):
"""用户基本信息"""
self.first_name=first_name
self.last_name=last_name
profile = {}
for key,value in abtrast.items():
profile[key] = value
self.abtrast = profile#字典也可以定义
def describe_user(self):
"""打印用户摘要"""
print(self.first_name.title() + "--"+self.last_name.title())
print("Detiled information:")
print(self.abtrast)
def greet_user(self):
"""问候用户"""
print("\n"+self.first_name.title()+" "+self.last_name.title()+", welcome!")
user=User('zhang','san',age='21',add='shanghai')
user.describe_user()
user.greet_user()
9-4 就餐人数
在为完成练习9-1而编写的程序中,添加一个名为number_served 的属性,并将其默认值设置为0。根据这个类创建一个名为restaurant 的实例;打印有多少人在这家餐馆就餐过,然后修改这个值并再次打印它。
添加一个名为set_number_served() 的方法,它让你能够设置就餐人数。调用这个方法并向它传递一个值,然后再次打印这个值。
添加一个名为increment_number_served() 的方法,它让你能够将就餐人数递增。调用这个方法并向它传递一个这样的值:你认为这家餐馆每天可能接待的就餐人数。
class Restaurant():
"""创建餐厅"""
def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):#是两个”_”
"""餐厅基本信息"""
self.restaurant_name=restaurant_name
self.cuisine_type=cuisine_type
self.number_served=0
def describe_resturant(self):
"""打印前述两项信息"""
print(self.restaurant_name.title() + "---"+str(self.cuisine_type))
def open_restaurant(self):
"""餐厅开业"""
print(self.restaurant_name.title()+"is now opening")
def set_number_served(self,number1):
"""设置就餐人数"""
self.number_served=number1
print("The restaurant has "+str(self.number_served)+" persons having food. ")
def incremnent_number_served(self,number2):
"""每天可能就餐人数"""
self.incr=number2
print("May add "+str(self.incr)+" persons. ")
restaurant = Restaurant('a',23)
restaurant.describe_resturant()
restaurant.open_restaurant()
restaurant.set_number_served(20)
restaurant.incremnent_number_served(55)
9-5 尝试登录次数
在为完成练习9-3而编写的User 类中,添加一个名为login_attempts 的属性。编写一个名为increment_login_attempts() 的方法, 它将属性login_attempts 的值加1。再编写一个名为reset_login_attempts() 的方法,它将属性login_attempts 的值重置为0。
根据User 类创建一个实例,再调用方法increment_login_attempts() 多次。打印属性login_attempts 的值,确认它被正确地递增;然后,调用方 法reset_login_attempts() ,并再次打印属性login_attempts 的值,确认它被重置为0。
class User:
def __init__(self, first, last, age, location):
self.first_name = first
self.last_name = last
self.age = age
self.location = location
self.login_attempts = 0
def describe_user(self):
print("\nUser info:")
name = self.last_name.title() + " " + self.first_name.title()
print("\tName: " + name)
print("\tAge: " + str(self.age))
print("\tLocation: " + self.location.title())
def greet_user(self):
name = self.last_name.title() + " " + self.first_name.title()
print("\nHi, " + name + "! Nice to see you again!")
def increment_login_attempts(self):#将属性+1
self.login_attempts += 1
def reset_login_attempts(self):#重置为0
self.login_attempts = 0
user = User('san', 'zhang', 22, 'shanghai')
"""循环调用5次看是否递增"""
for i in range(5):
user.increment_login_attempts()
print(user.login_attempts)
user.reset_login_attempts()
print(user.login_attempts)#重置为0
9-6冰淇淋小店
冰淇淋小店是一种特殊的餐馆。 编写一个名为IceCreamStand 的类, 让它继承你为完成练习9-1或练习9-4而编写的Restaurant 类。 这两个版本的Restaurant 类都可以, 挑选你更喜欢的那个即可。 添加一个名为flavors 的属性,用于存储一个由各种口味的冰淇淋组成的列表。 编写一个显示这些冰淇淋的方法。创建一个IceCreamStand 实例, 并调用这个方法。
"""主程序"""
my_tesla=ElectricCar('tesla','model s',2016)
print(my_tesla.get_describe_name())
my_tesla.battery.describe_battery()
"""父类:餐馆"""
class Restaurant():
"""创建餐厅"""
def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
"""餐厅基本信息"""
self.restaurant_name=restaurant_name
self.cuisine_type=cuisine_type
def describe_resturant(self):
"""打印前述两项信息"""
print(self.restaurant_name.title() + "---"+str(self.cuisine_type))
def open_restaurant(self):
"""餐厅开业"""
print(self.restaurant_name.title()+"is now opening")
"""子类:冰淇淋店"""
class IceCreamStand(Restaurant):
"""继承基础信息"""
def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
super(IceCreamStand,self).__init__(restaurant_name,cuisine_type)
self.flavors=['a','b','c','d']
def describe_flavors(self):
print(self.flavors)
ICE=IceCreamStand('sdsd',3)
ICE.describe_flavors()
9-7 管理员
管理员是一种特殊的用户。编写一个名为Admin 的类,让它继承你为完成练习9-3或练习9-5而编写的User 类。添加一个名为privileges 的属性,用于存储一个由字符串(如"can add post" 、“can delete post” 、“can ban user” 等)组成的列表。编写一个名为show_privileges() 的方法,它显示管理员的权限。创建一个Admin 实例,并调用这个方法。
"""父类"""
class User:
def __init__(self, first, last, age, location):
self.first_name = first
self.last_name = last
self.age = age
self.location = location
self.login_attempts = 0
def describe_user(self):
print("\nUser info:")
name = self.last_name.title() + " " + self.first_name.title()
print("\tName: " + name)
print("\tAge: " + str(self.age))
print("\tLocation: " + self.location.title())
def greet_user(self):
name = self.last_name.title() + " " + self.first_name.title()
print("\nHi, " + name + "! Nice to see you again!")
def increment_login_attempts(self):#将属性+1
self.login_attempts += 1
def reset_login_attempts(self):#重置为0
self.login_attempts = 0
"""子类"""
class Admin(User):
def __init__(self,first, last, age, location):
super(Admin, self).__init__(first, last, age, location)
self.privileges=["can add post", "can delete post", "can ban user"]
def show_privileges(self):
name = self.last_name.title() + " " + self.first_name.title()
print("\n" + name + " has the following privileges:")
for privilege in self.privileges:
print("\t" + privilege.title())
"""主程序"""
user = Admin('san', 'zhang', 22, 'shanghai')
user.show_privileges()
9-8 权限
编写一个名为Privileges 的类,它只有一个属性——privileges ,其中存储了练习9-7 所说的字符串列表。将方法show_privileges() 移到这个类中。在Admin 类中,将一个Privileges 实例用作其属性。创建一个Admin 实例,并使用方法show_privileges() 来显示其权限。
"""父类"""
class User:
def __init__(self, first, last, age, location):
self.first_name = first
self.last_name = last
self.age = age
self.location = location
self.login_attempts = 0
def describe_user(self):
print("\nUser info:")
name = self.last_name.title() + " " + self.first_name.title()
print("\tName: " + name)
print("\tAge: " + str(self.age))
print("\tLocation: " + self.location.title())
def greet_user(self):
name = self.last_name.title() + " " + self.first_name.title()
print("\nHi, " + name + "! Nice to see you again!")
def increment_login_attempts(self):#将属性+1
self.login_attempts += 1
def reset_login_attempts(self):#重置为0
self.login_attempts = 0
"""单独privilege属性类"""
class Privileges():
def __init__(self):
self.privileges = ["can add post", "can delete post", "can ban user"]
def show_privileges(self):
print("\nYou have the following privileges:")
for privilege in self.privileges:
print("\t" + privilege.title())
"""子类"""
class Admin(User):
def __init__(self,first, last, age, location):
super(Admin, self).__init__(first, last, age, location)
self.admin_privileges=Privileges()
"""主程序"""
user = Admin('san', 'zhang', 22, 'shanghai')
user.admin_privileges.show_privileges()
9-9 电瓶升级
在本节最后一个electric_car.py版本中,给Battery 类添加一个名为upgrade_battery() 的方法。这个方法检查电瓶容量,如果它不是85,就将它设置为85。创建一辆电瓶容量为默认值的电动汽车,调用方法get_range() ,然后对电瓶进行升级,并再次调用get_range() 。你会看到这辆汽车的续航里程增加了。
class Car():
"""模拟一辆汽车"""
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
self.make=make
self.model=model
self.year=year
self.odometer_reading=0
def get_describe_name(self):
"""描述汽车信息"""
return str(self.year)+" "+self.make+' '+self.model
#此处如果用print会返回一个none输出
def read_odometer(self):
"""汽车走的里程"""
print("This car has "+str(self.odometer_reading)+" mils on it")
def updte_odometer(self,mileage):
if mileage>=self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading=mileage
else:
print("You can't roll back an odmeter!")
def increment_odometer(self,miles):
self.odometer_reading+=miles
class Battery():
"""模拟电动汽车电池"""
def __init__(self,battery_size=70):#给默认值70
self.battery_size=battery_size
def describe_battery(self):
print("This car has a "+str(self.battery_size)+"-kwh battery. ")
def get_range(self):
"""打印电车的续航里程"""
if self.battery_size==70:
range=240
elif self.battery_size==85:
range=270
return print("This car can go approximately "+str(range)+". ")
def upgrate_battery(self):
"""更新电瓶容量"""
if self.battery_size!=85:
self.battery_size=85
class ElectricCar(Car):
"""模拟汽车中的电动车种类"""
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
"""先录入车类的基础属性"""
super(ElectricCar, self).__init__(make,model,year)
"""将实例用作属性"""
self.battery = Battery()#将实例Battery()赋给属性
"""主程序"""
ele_car=ElectricCar('tesla','model',2016)
ele_car.battery.get_range()
ele_car.battery.upgrate_battery()
ele_car.battery.get_range()