在上一篇中我们介绍了经典的案例Hello,world。本篇将介绍工作队列。
消息也可以理解为任务,消息发送者可以理解为任务分配者,消息接收者可以理解为工作者,当工作者接收到一个任务,还没完成的时候,任务分配者又发一个任务过来,那就忙不过来了,于是就需要多个工作者来共同处理这些任务,这些工作者,就称为工作队列。结构图如下:
准备工作
在之前的例子中我们发送了一条消息“Hello World”,现在我们发送字符串来模拟复杂的任务,我们通过time.sleep()函数实现,小数点的个数代表任务复杂度.
修改send.py 代码,并重新命名new_task.py:
import sys
message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "Hello World!"
channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
routing_key='hello',
body=message)
print " [x] Sent %r" % (message,)
修改receive.py代码,并重新命名work.py:
import time def callback(ch, method, properties, body): print " [x] Received %r" % (body,) time.sleep( body.count('.') ) print " [x] Done"<span class="s"></span>
循环调度
打开一个终端运行new_task.py:
$ python new_task.py First message.
$ python new_task.py Second message..
$ python new_task.py Third message...
$ python new_task.py Fourth message....
$ python new_task.py Fifth message.....
打开两个终端运行work.py:
$ python worker.py
[*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
[x] Received 'First message.'
[x] Received 'Third message...'
[x] Received 'Fifth message.....'
$ python worker.py
[*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
[x] Received 'Second message..'
[x] Received 'Fourth message....'
消息确认
消息确认就是当工作者完成任务后,会反馈给rabbitmq。修改worker.py中的回调函数:
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print " [x] Received %r" % (body,)
time.sleep( body.count('.') )
print " [x] Done"
ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)
channel.basic_consume(callback,queue='hello')
消息持久化
虽然有了消息反馈机制,但是如果rabbitmq自身挂掉的话,那么任务还是会丢失。所以需要将任务持久化存储起来。声明持久化存储:
channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)
在发送任务的时候,用delivery_mode=2来标记任务为持久化存储:
channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
routing_key="task_queue",
body=message,
properties=pika.BasicProperties(
delivery_mode = 2, # make message persistent
))
公平调度
虽然每个工作者是依次分配到任务,但是每个任务不一定一样。可能有的任务比较重,执行时间比较久;有的任务比较轻,执行时间比较短。如果能公平调度就最好了,使用basic_qos设置prefetch_count=1,使得rabbitmq不会在同一时间给工作者分配多个任务,即只有工作者完成任务之后,才会再次接收到任务。
channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
new_task.py
import pika
import sys
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)
message = ' '.join(sys.argv[1:]) or "Hello World!"
channel.basic_publish(exchange='',
routing_key='task_queue',
body=message,
properties=pika.BasicProperties(
delivery_mode = 2, # make message persistent
))
print " [x] Sent %r" % (message,)
connection.close()
work.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
import pika
import time
connection = pika.BlockingConnection(pika.ConnectionParameters(
host='localhost'))
channel = connection.channel()
channel.queue_declare(queue='task_queue', durable=True)
print ' [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C'
def callback(ch, method, properties, body):
print " [x] Received %r" % (body,)
time.sleep( body.count('.') )
print " [x] Done"
ch.basic_ack(delivery_tag = method.delivery_tag)
channel.basic_qos(prefetch_count=1)
channel.basic_consume(callback,
queue='task_queue')
channel.start_consuming()