豆瓣书籍排名信息—Scrapy库案例

这段代码是Scrapy 的中间件代码，用于处理 请求和响应的预处理和后处理。

# Define here the models for your spider middleware

#
# See documentation in:
# https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/spider-middleware.html

from scrapy import signals

# useful for handling different item types with a single interface
from itemadapter import is_item, ItemAdapter


class DoubanSpiderMiddleware:
# Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
# scrapy acts as if the spider middleware does not modify the
# passed objects.

@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
# This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
s = cls()
crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
return s

def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):
# Called for each response that goes through the spider
# middleware and into the spider.

# Should return None or raise an exception.
return None

def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):
# Called with the results returned from the Spider, after
# it has processed the response.

# Must return an iterable of Request, or item objects.
for i in result:
yield i

def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):
# Called when a spider or process_spider_input() method
# (from other spider middleware) raises an exception.

# Should return either None or an iterable of Request or item objects.
pass

def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):
# Called with the start requests of the spider, and works
# similarly to the process_spider_output() method, except
# that it doesn’t have a response associated.

# Must return only requests (not items).
for r in start_requests:
yield r

def spider_opened(self, spider):
spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)


class DoubanDownloaderMiddleware:
# Not all methods need to be defined. If a method is not defined,
# scrapy acts as if the downloader middleware does not modify the
# passed objects.

@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
# This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
s = cls()
crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
return s

def process_request(self, request, spider):
# Called for each request that goes through the downloader
# middleware.

# Must either:
# - return None: continue processing this request
# - or return a Response object
# - or return a Request object
# - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of
# installed downloader middleware will be called
return None

def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
# Called with the response returned from the downloader.

# Must either;
# - return a Response object
# - return a Request object
# - or raise IgnoreRequest
return response

def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
# Called when a download handler or a process_request()
# (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.

# Must either:
# - return None: continue processing this exception
# - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain
# - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain
pass

def spider_opened(self, spider):

spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)

```python

from scrapy import signals

from itemadapter import is_item, ItemAdapter

class DoubanSpiderMiddleware:

    @classmethod

    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):

        s = cls()

        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)

        return s

    def process_spider_input(self, response, spider):

        return None

    def process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider):

        for i in result:

            yield i

    def process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider):

        pass

    def process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider):

        for r in start_requests:

            yield r

    def spider_opened(self, spider):

        spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)

class DoubanDownloaderMiddleware:

    @classmethod

    def from_crawler(cls, crawler):

        s = cls()

        crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)

        return s

    def process_request(self, request, spider):

        return None

    def process_response(self, request, response, spider):

        return response

```

这段代码包含了两个中间件类`DoubanSpiderMiddleware`

和`DoubanDownloaderMiddleware`，分别用于处理

请求和响应的预处理和后处理操作。

`DoubanSpiderMiddleware`类：

- `from_crawler(cls, crawler)`方法用于创建中间件实例，并注册信号连接器。

- `process_spider_input(self, response, spider)`方法在每个响应经过 ** 中间件并进入 ** 之前调用，可以对响应进行处理，但必须返回`None`或抛出异常。

- `process_spider_output(self, response, result, spider)`方法在 ** 处理完响应后调用，接收 ** 输出的结果，并可以对结果进行处理，然后返回一个可迭代对象。

- `process_spider_exception(self, response, exception, spider)`方法在其他 ** 中间件引发异常时调用，可以对异常进行处理，然后返回`None`或一个可迭代对象。

- `process_start_requests(self, start_requests, spider)`方法与`process_spider_output()`方法类似，但不需要与响应关联，只处理起始请求，并返回请求对象。

- `spider_opened(self, spider)`方法在打开时调用，可用于记录日志等操作。

`DoubanDownloaderMiddleware`类：

- `from_crawler(cls, crawler)`方法用于创建中间件实例，并注册信号连接器。

- `process_request(self, request, spider)`方法在每个请求经过下载器中间件

之前调用，可以对请求进行处理，然后返回`None`、`Response`对象或新的`Request`对象，或者抛出`IgnoreRequest`异常以停止处理。

- `process_response(self, request, response, spider)`方法在下载器返回响应

后调用，接收下载器返回的响应对象，可以对响应进行处理，然后返回响应对象。