6.0之前的权限模型
- 在AndroidManifest中声明可能用到的所有权限
- 用户在安装时,系统展示所有权限,用户安装即授予所有权限,取消则拒绝安装
6.0新的运行时权限
- 将权限分为一般权限(Normal Permissions)和危险权限(Dangerous Permission)两种,一般权限跟以前一样在AndroidManifest声明,危险权限需要开发者在代码中手动的动态申请
- 动态申请权限,系统弹出对话框,用户可点击确定或拒绝,系统提供用户的选择回调,从而开发者处理相应的逻辑
用户可以选择拒绝并不再提醒
运行时权限分类
危险权限即需要动态申请的权限,一共9组,取得一组中某一个权限的授权,则自动拥有该组的所有授权
日历
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通讯录
地理位置
麦克风
电话
身体传感器
短信
存储空间
暂时不做运行时权限适配的方案(不推荐)
如果暂时还不想适配6.0运行时权限,但是又想要app可以在6.0及以上机型运行,那我们可以将目标版本改为23以下,如:targetSdkVersion 22,这样做的效果:
- 不管是6.0以下还是以上的机型都可以运行,跟之前一样权限在安装时一次性授予
- 由于6.0机型在设置中可以进行权限管理,用户可以取消该应用的某个权限,但是app并不知道该权限被取消,此时app可能会崩溃(合理的try可以避免)
权限适配相关API
(1)在AndroidManifest文件中添加需要申请的权限。
(2)检查权限
if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(thisActivity,Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
...
}else{
...
}
ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission,主要用于检测某个权限是否已经被授予,方法返回值为PackageManager.PERMISSION_DENIED或者PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED。当返回DENIED就需要进行申请授权了。
(3)申请授权
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(thisActivity,
new String[]{Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS},
MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS);
该方法是异步的,第一个参数是Context;第二个参数是需要申请的权限的字符串数组;第三个参数为requestCode,主要用于回调的时候检测。可以从方法名requestPermissions以及第二个参数看出,是支持一次性申请多个权限的,系统会通过对话框逐一询问用户是否授权。
(4)处理权限申请回调
@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode,String permissions[], int[] grantResults) {
switch (requestCode) {
case MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS: {
// If request is cancelled, the result arrays are empty.
if (grantResults.length > 0 && grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
// permission was granted.
} else {
// permission denied.
}
return;
}
}
}
对于权限的申请结果,首先验证requestCode定位到你的申请,然后验证grantResults对应于申请的结果,这里的数组对应于申请时的第二个权限字符串数组。如果你同时申请两个权限,那么grantResults的length就为2,分别记录你两个权限的申请结果。如果申请成功,就可以做你的事情了。
至此我们的权限申请步骤结束。不过还有个API值得提一下:
/** Should we show an explanation?*/
if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(thisActivity,
Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS))
// Show an expanation to the user *asynchronously* -- don't block
// this thread waiting for the user's response! After the user
// sees the explanation, try again to request the permission.
}
主要用于给用户一个申请权限的解释,该方法只有在用户上一次已经拒绝过你的这个权限申请。也就是说,用户已经拒绝一次了,你又弹个授权框,你需要给用户一个解释,为什么要授权,则使用该方法。
譬如我自定义了上图的AlertDialog,当点击确认会重新申请权限,点击取消则放弃申请权限。
那么将上述几个步骤结合到一起就是:
if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(thisActivity, Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS) != PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
// Should we show an explanation?
if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(thisActivity,
Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS)) {
// Show an expanation.
} else {
// No explanation needed, we can request the permission.
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(thisActivity,
new String[]{Manifest.permission.READ_CONTACTS},
MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS);
// MY_PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_READ_CONTACTS is an
// app-defined int constant. The callback method gets the
// result of the request.
}
}
实例分析
public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
public Button button;
public final int PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE = 1;
public AlertDialog mAlertDialog;
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);
initAlertDialog();
button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
if (ContextCompat.checkSelfPermission(MainActivity.this, Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)
!= PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
// Should we show an explanation?
if (ActivityCompat.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(MainActivity.this,
Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)) {
// Show an expanation.
mAlertDialog.show();
} else {
// No explanation needed, we can request the permission.
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(MainActivity.this,
new String[]{Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE},
PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE);
}
} else {
createFolder();
}
}
});
}
@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, String[] permissions, int[] grantResults) {
super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
if (requestCode == PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE) {
if (grantResults[0] == PackageManager.PERMISSION_GRANTED) {
createFolder();
} else {
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "Permission Denied", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
return;
}
}
private void initAlertDialog() {
AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(this);
builder.setTitle("警告");
builder.setMessage("创建文件夹需要取得访问SD卡的权限哦");
builder.setPositiveButton("确认",
new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) {
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(MainActivity.this,
new String[]{Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE},
PERMISSIONS_REQUEST_WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE);
}
});
builder.setNegativeButton("取消",
new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int whichButton) {
Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "权限拒绝", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
});
mAlertDialog = builder.create();
}
public final String PATH_SD = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().getAbsolutePath();
public final String PATH_ROOT = PATH_SD + "/Permission_test/";
public void createFolder() {
File path_root = new File(PATH_ROOT);
if (!path_root.exists()) {
Boolean success = path_root.mkdir();
if (success) {
Toast.makeText(this, "创建成功", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
} else {
Toast.makeText(this, "创建失败", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
}
}
PermissionsDispatcher
虽然权限处理并不复杂,但是需要编写很多重复的代码,所以目前也有很多库对用法进行了封装,这里我着重分析一个开源库—-PermissionsDispatcher。
(1)添加依赖
project.gradle
buildscript {
dependencies {
classpath 'com.neenbedankt.gradle.plugins:android-apt:1.8'
}
}
app.gradle
apply plugin: 'android-apt'
dependencies {
compile 'com.github.hotchemi:permissionsdispatcher:${latest.version}'
apt 'com.github.hotchemi:permissionsdispatcher-processor:${latest.version}'
}
注:${latest.version} is 2.4.0
(2)在AndroidManifest文件中添加需要申请的权限。
(3)在需要运行时权限的Activity或Fragment中动态申请权限
提供以下几种注解:
@RuntimePermissions 标记需要运行时判断的类(用于动态生成代理类)
@NeedsPermission 标记需要检查权限的方法 //createFolder()--->createFolderWithCheck(context)
@OnShowRationale 授权提示回调
@OnPermissionDenied 授权被拒绝回调
@OnNeverAskAgain 授权被拒绝并不再提醒回调
//NOTE: Annotated methods must not be private.
具体代码如下,关键代码都写了注释
@RuntimePermissions
public class SecondActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
public Button button;
public final String PATH_SD = Environment.getExternalStorageDirectory().getAbsolutePath();
public final String PATH_ROOT = PATH_SD + "/Permission_test/";
@Override
protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_second);
button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.button);
button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(View view) {
//@NeedsPermission方法+WithCheck
SecondActivityPermissionsDispatcher.createFolderWithCheck(SecondActivity.this);
}
});
}
@Override
public void onRequestPermissionsResult(int requestCode, @NonNull String[] permissions, @NonNull int[] grantResults) {
super.onRequestPermissionsResult(requestCode, permissions, grantResults);
SecondActivityPermissionsDispatcher.onRequestPermissionsResult(this, requestCode, grantResults);//将回调交给代理类处理
}
@NeedsPermission(Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)//权限申请成功
void createFolder() {
File path_root = new File(PATH_ROOT);
if (!path_root.exists()) {
Boolean success = path_root.mkdir();
if (success) {
Toast.makeText(this, "创建成功", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
} else {
Toast.makeText(this, "创建失败", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
}
}
@OnShowRationale(Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)//申请前告知用户为什么需要该权限
void showRationaleForCreateFolder(PermissionRequest request) {
showRationaleDialog("创建文件夹需要取得访问SD卡的权限哦", request);
}
@OnPermissionDenied(Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)//被拒绝
void onCreateFolderDenied() {
Toast.makeText(this, "你拒绝了权限,该功能不可用", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
}
@OnNeverAskAgain(Manifest.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE)//被拒绝并且勾选了不再提醒
void onCreateFolderNeverAskAgain() {
AskForPermission();
}
/**
* 告知用户具体需要权限的原因
* @param messageResId
* @param request
*/
private void showRationaleDialog(String messageResId, final PermissionRequest request) {
new AlertDialog.Builder(this)
.setPositiveButton("确定", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(@NonNull DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
request.proceed();//请求权限
}
})
.setNegativeButton("取消", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(@NonNull DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
request.cancel();//取消请求权限
}
})
.setCancelable(false)
.setMessage(messageResId)
.show();
}
/**
* 被拒绝并且不再提醒,提示用户去设置界面重新打开权限
*/
private void AskForPermission() {
AlertDialog.Builder builder = new AlertDialog.Builder(this);
builder.setTitle("当前应用缺少SD卡访问权限,请去设置界面打开");
builder.setNegativeButton("取消", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
}
});
builder.setPositiveButton("设置", new DialogInterface.OnClickListener() {
@Override
public void onClick(DialogInterface dialog, int which) {
Intent intent = new Intent(Settings.ACTION_APPLICATION_DETAILS_SETTINGS);
intent.setData(Uri.parse("package:" + getPackageName())); // 根据包名打开对应的设置界面
startActivity(intent);
}
});
builder.create().show();
}
}
原理:
PermissionsDispatcher使用的是Annotation Processor的方式,即编译时注解,编译时注解好处是不会在运行时影响执行效率。
PermissionsDispatcher会在编译时根据@RuntimePermissions 标记的类生成代理类(标记类类名+PermissionsDispatcher),把权限判断及请求过程的代码封装在代理类,代理类很简单,代码如下:
final class SecondActivityPermissionsDispatcher {
private static final int REQUEST_CREATEFOLDER = 0;
private static final String[] PERMISSION_CREATEFOLDER = new String[] {"android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"};
private SecondActivityPermissionsDispatcher() {
}
static void createFolderWithCheck(SecondActivity target) {
if (PermissionUtils.hasSelfPermissions(target, PERMISSION_CREATEFOLDER)) {
target.createFolder();
} else {
if (PermissionUtils.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(target, PERMISSION_CREATEFOLDER)) {
target.showRationaleForCreateFolder(new CreateFolderPermissionRequest(target));
} else {
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(target, PERMISSION_CREATEFOLDER, REQUEST_CREATEFOLDER);
}
}
}
static void onRequestPermissionsResult(SecondActivity target, int requestCode, int[] grantResults) {
switch (requestCode) {
case REQUEST_CREATEFOLDER:
if (PermissionUtils.verifyPermissions(grantResults)) {
target.createFolder();
} else {
if (!PermissionUtils.shouldShowRequestPermissionRationale(target, PERMISSION_CREATEFOLDER)) {
target.onCreateFolderNeverAskAgain();
} else {
target.onCreateFolderDenied();
}
}
break;
default:
break;
}
}
private static final class CreateFolderPermissionRequest implements PermissionRequest {
private final WeakReference<SecondActivity> weakTarget;
private CreateFolderPermissionRequest(SecondActivity target) {
this.weakTarget = new WeakReference<SecondActivity>(target);
}
@Override
public void proceed() {
SecondActivity target = weakTarget.get();
if (target == null) return;
ActivityCompat.requestPermissions(target, PERMISSION_CREATEFOLDER, REQUEST_CREATEFOLDER);
}
@Override
public void cancel() {
SecondActivity target = weakTarget.get();
if (target == null) return;
target.onCreateFolderDenied();
}
}
}