Observer（观察者）模式

Observer （观察者）模式

 

GoF ： Observer 模式的意图是“定义对象间的一种一对多的依赖关系，当一个对象的状态发生改变时，所有依赖于它的对象 都得到通知并被自动更新”。

 

举个例子：一般在炒股票的时候人们总是紧盯着大盘的起伏涨跌。根据某支股票的涨跌来决定买进或抛出。 而在整个交易中紧盯着大盘的这个人就是一个观察着。他将观察的结果通知他的亲属朋友，或自己做出决定去交易。 Observer 模式是如此的有用，以至于在 Java 的 JDK 包当中容纳了 Observer 模式的一个实现版本。 Observable 类和 Observer 接口组成了这个模 式。关于 Observable 类和 Observer 接口在 JDK 的帮助文档中有详细的介绍。在 Observer 模式的学习过程中，我运用了 JDK 中的 Observable 类和 Observer 接口来实现了 Observer 模式的代码。

 

下面是 Observer 模式的 UML 图：

上图我画的不是很规范，但是已经表达出了 Observer 模式。

 

下面是实例代码：

package Observer;

 

import java.util.Observable;

 

public class Stock extends Observable // 继承 Observable 类

{

       private String stockName;

       private float stockPrice;

       private int stockId;

      

       public Stock(int id, String name, float price)// 设定初始状态

       {

              this.stockId = id;

              this.stockName = name;

              this.stockPrice = price;

       }//end Stock(...)

      

       public String getName()

       {

              return stockName;

       }//end getName()

      

       public float getPrice()

       {

              return stockPrice;

       }//end getPrice()

      

       public int getId()

       {

              return this.stockId;

       }//end getId()

      

       public void setName(String name)

       {

              this.stockName = name;

              setChanged(); // 名称已经改变

              notifyObservers("stockName"); //

       }//end setName(...)

      

       public void setPrice(float price)

       {

              this.stockPrice = price;

              setChanged();

              notifyObservers("stockPrice");

       }//end setPrice(...)

      

}//end class Stock

 

package Observer;

 

import java.util.Observable;

import java.util.Observer;

 

public class NameObserver implements Observer

{

       public void update(Observable obj, Object arg)

       {

              try{

                     if(arg instanceof String){

//                          System.out.println("arg333 = " + arg);

                            String argName = (String)arg;

//                          System.out.println("argName = " + argName);

                            if(argName.trim().equalsIgnoreCase("stockName")){

//                                 System.out.println("name here");

                                   int id = 0;

                                   String name = "";

                                   if(obj instanceof Stock){

                                          Stock sto = (Stock)obj;

                                          name = sto.getName();

                                          id = sto.getId();

                                   }

                                   System.out.println("NameObserver: Stock " + id + "'s name has changed to " + name);

                            }

                     }

              }catch(Exception e){

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

       }//end update(...)

      

}//end class NameObserver

 

package Observer;

 

import java.util.Observable;

import java.util.Observer;

 

public class PriceObserver implements Observer

{

       public void update(Observable obj, Object arg)

       {

              try{

                     if(arg instanceof String){

                            String argName = (String)arg;

                            if(argName.trim().equalsIgnoreCase("stockPrice")){

                                   int id = 0;

                                   float price = 0.0f;

                                   if(obj instanceof Stock){

                                          Stock sto = (Stock)obj;

                                          price = sto.getPrice();

                                          id = sto.getId();

                                   }

                                   System.out.println("PriceObserver: Stock " + id + "'s price has changed to " + price);

                            }

                     }

              }catch(Exception e){

                     e.printStackTrace();

              }

       }//end update(...)

      

}//end class PriceObserver

 

测试代码：

package Observer;

 

public class ObserverPattern

{

       private Stock stock;// 实例化一个股票对象

      

       private NameObserver stockName; // 实 例化一个观察股票名称的对象

       private PriceObserver stockPrice;// 实 例化一个观察股票价格的对象

      

       public ObserverPattern()// 初始化类成员

       {

              stock = new Stock(1, " 海南椰岛 ", 2.92f);// 初始一支股票的名称和价格

              stockName = new NameObserver();

              stockPrice = new PriceObserver();

       }//end ObserverPattern()

      

       public void showHowToObserver()

       {

              stock.addObserver(stockName);

              stock.addObserver(stockPrice);

             

//            stock.setName("/" 百度 /"");// 重新设置股票的名称

              stock.setPrice(123.98f);// 重新设置股票的价格

//            System.out.println("");

//            stock.setName("/"Google/"");// 再次设置股票的名称

              stock.setPrice(234.87f);// 再次设置股票的价格

             

       }//end showHowToObserver()

      

       public static void main(String[] args)

       {

              System.out.println("The observer pattern!");

              ObserverPattern op = new ObserverPattern();

              op.showHowToObserver();

       }//end main(...)

 

}//end class ObserverPattern

 

Observer 模式充分体现了 OO 的特 性，理解了 Observer 模式能更好的理解 OO 思 想。