原文：http://blog.csdn.net/haoel/article/details/3081385
下面，让我们来看看
重复继承中C++对象的内存布局的情况，假设有下面这样一个类的继承关系。
所谓
重复继承，也就是某个基类被间接地重复继承了多次。
下图是一个继承图，我们重载了父类的f()函数。
其类继承的源代码如下所示。其中，每个类都有两个变量，一个是整形（4字节），一个是字符（1字节），而且还有自己的虚函数，自己overwrite父类的虚函数。如子类D中，f()覆盖了超类的函数， f1() 和f2() 覆盖了其父类的虚函数，Df()为自己的虚函数。
class B{public :int ib ;char cb ;public :B (): ib ( 0 ), cb ( 'B' ) {}virtual void f () { cout << "B::f()" << endl ;}virtual void Bf () { cout << "B::Bf()" << endl ;}};class B1 : public B{public :int ib1 ;char cb1 ;public :B1 (): ib1 ( 11 ), cb1 ( '1' ) {}virtual void f () { cout << "B1::f()" << endl ;}virtual void f1 () { cout << "B1::f1()" << endl ;}virtual void Bf1 () { cout << "B1::Bf1()" << endl ;}};class B2 : public B{public :int ib2 ;char cb2 ;public :B2 (): ib2 ( 12 ), cb2 ( '2' ) {}virtual void f () { cout << "B2::f()" << endl ;}virtual void f2 () { cout << "B2::f2()" << endl ;}virtual void Bf2 () { cout << "B2::Bf2()" << endl ;}};class D : public B1 , public B2{public :int id ;char cd ;public :D (): id ( 100 ), cd ( 'D' ) {}virtual void f () { cout << "D::f()" << endl ;}virtual void f1 () { cout << "D::f1()" << endl ;}virtual void f2 () { cout << "D::f2()" << endl ;}virtual void Df () { cout << "D::Df()" << endl ;}};
我们用来存取子类内存布局的代码如下所示：（在VC++ 2003和G++ 3.4.4下）
typedef void (* Fun )( void );int ** pVtab = NULL ;Fun pFun = NULL ;D d ;pVtab = ( int **)& d ;cout << "[0] D::B1::_vptr->" << endl ;pFun = ( Fun ) pVtab [ 0 ][ 0 ];cout << " [0] " ; pFun ();pFun = ( Fun ) pVtab [ 0 ][ 1 ];cout << " [1] " ; pFun ();pFun = ( Fun ) pVtab [ 0 ][ 2 ];cout << " [2] " ; pFun ();pFun = ( Fun ) pVtab [ 0 ][ 3 ];cout << " [3] " ; pFun ();pFun = ( Fun ) pVtab [ 0 ][ 4 ];cout << " [4] " ; pFun ();pFun = ( Fun ) pVtab [ 0 ][ 5 ];cout << " [5] 0x" << pFun << endl ;cout << "[1] B::ib = " << ( int ) pVtab [ 1 ] << endl ;cout << "[2] B::cb = " << ( char ) pVtab [ 2 ] << endl ;cout << "[3] B1::ib1 = " << ( int ) pVtab [ 3 ] << endl ;cout << "[4] B1::cb1 = " << ( char ) pVtab [ 4 ] << endl ;cout << "[5] D::B2::_vptr->" << endl ;pFun = ( Fun ) pVtab [ 5 ][ 0 ];cout << " [0] " ; pFun ();pFun = ( Fun ) pVtab [ 5 ][ 1 ];cout << " [1] " ; pFun ();pFun = ( Fun ) pVtab [ 5 ][ 2 ];cout << " [2] " ; pFun ();pFun = ( Fun ) pVtab [ 5 ][ 3 ];cout << " [3] " ; pFun ();pFun = ( Fun ) pVtab [ 5 ][ 4 ];cout << " [4] 0x" << pFun << endl ;cout << "[6] B::ib = " << ( int ) pVtab [ 6 ] << endl ;cout << "[7] B::cb = " << ( char ) pVtab [ 7 ] << endl ;cout << "[8] B2::ib2 = " << ( int ) pVtab [ 8 ] << endl ;cout << "[9] B2::cb2 = " << ( char ) pVtab [ 9 ] << endl ;cout << "[10] D::id = " << ( int ) pVtab [ 10 ] << endl ;cout << "[11] D::cd = " << ( char ) pVtab [ 11 ] << endl ;
程序运行结果如下：
| GCC 3.4.4 | VC++ 2003 |
| [0] D::B1::_vptr->
[0] D::f()
[1] B::Bf()
[2] D::f1()
[3] B1::Bf1()
[4] D::f2()
[5] 0x1
[1] B::ib = 0
[2] B::cb = B
[3] B1::ib1 = 11
[4] B1::cb1 = 1
[5] D::B2::_vptr->
[0] D::f()
[1] B::Bf()
[2] D::f2()
[3] B2::Bf2()
[4] 0x0
[6] B::ib = 0
[7] B::cb = B
[8] B2::ib2 = 12
[9] B2::cb2 = 2
[10] D::id = 100
[11] D::cd = D
| [0] D::B1::_vptr->
[0] D::f()
[1] B::Bf()
[2] D::f1()
[3] B1::Bf1()
[4] D::Df()
[5] 0x00000000
[1] B::ib = 0
[2] B::cb = B
[3] B1::ib1 = 11
[4] B1::cb1 = 1
[5] D::B2::_vptr->
[0] D::f()
[1] B::Bf()
[2] D::f2()
[3] B2::Bf2()
[4] 0x00000000
[6] B::ib = 0
[7] B::cb = B
[8] B2::ib2 = 12
[9] B2::cb2 = 2
[10] D::id = 100
[11] D::cd = D
|
下面是对于子类实例中的虚函数表的图：
我们可以看见，最顶端的父类B其成员变量存在于B1和B2中，并被D给继承下去了。而在D中，其有B1和B2的实例，于是B的成员在D的实例中存在两份，一份是B1继承而来的，另一份是B2继承而来的。所以，如果我们使用以下语句，则会产生二义性编译错误：
D d ;d . ib = 0 ; //二义性错误d.B1::ib = 1; //正确d.B2::ib = 2; //正确
注意，上面例程中的最后两条语句存取的是两个变量。虽然我们消除了二义性的编译错误，但B类在D中还是有两个实例，这种继承造成了数据的重复，我们叫这种继承为重复继承。重复的基类数据成员可能并不是我们想要的。所以，C++引入了虚基类的概念。
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