15-5 单表查询-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/huningfei/article/details/133052004

 一 查询语法介绍(单表查询)
1 语法
SELECT 字段1,字段2... FROM 表名
                  WHERE 条件
                  GROUP BY field
                  HAVING 筛选
                  ORDER BY field
                  LIMIT 限制条数
              

2 关键字的执行优先级(重点)


重点中的重点：关键字的执行优先级从上到下
from
where
group by
having
select
distinct
order by
limit
说明：
1.找到表:from

2.拿着where指定的约束条件，去文件/表中取出一条条记录

3.将取出的一条条记录进行分组group by，如果没有group by，则整体作为一组

4.将分组的结果进行having过滤

5.执行select

6.去重

7.将结果按条件排序：order by
8.限制结果的显示条数
例子：

表结构：
company.employee
    员工id      id                  int             
    姓名        emp_name            varchar
    性别        sex                 enum
    年龄        age                 int
    入职日期     hire_date           date
    岗位        post                varchar
    职位描述     post_comment        varchar
    薪水        salary              double
    办公室       office              int
    部门编号     depart_id           int



#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum('male','female') not null default 'male', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);


#查看表结构
mysql> desc employee;
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field        | Type                  | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id           | int(11)               | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name         | varchar(20)           | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| sex          | enum('male','female') | NO   |     | male    |                |
| age          | int(3) unsigned       | NO   |     | 28      |                |
| hire_date    | date                  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| post         | varchar(50)           | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| post_comment | varchar(100)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| salary       | double(15,2)          | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| office       | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
| depart_id    | int(11)               | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+--------------+-----------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

#插入记录
#三个部门：教学，销售，运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
('egon','male',18,'20170301','老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
('alex','male',78,'20150302','teacher',1000000.31,401,1),
('wupeiqi','male',81,'20130305','teacher',8300,401,1),
('yuanhao','male',73,'20140701','teacher',3500,401,1),
('liwenzhou','male',28,'20121101','teacher',2100,401,1),
('jingliyang','female',18,'20110211','teacher',9000,401,1),
('jinxin','male',18,'19000301','teacher',30000,401,1),
('成龙','male',48,'20101111','teacher',10000,401,1),

('歪歪','female',48,'20150311','sale',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
('丫丫','female',38,'20101101','sale',2000.35,402,2),
('丁丁','female',18,'20110312','sale',1000.37,402,2),
('星星','female',18,'20160513','sale',3000.29,402,2),
('格格','female',28,'20170127','sale',4000.33,402,2),

('张野','male',28,'20160311','operation',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
('程咬金','male',18,'19970312','operation',20000,403,3),
('程咬银','female',18,'20130311','operation',19000,403,3),
('程咬铜','male',18,'20150411','operation',18000,403,3),
('程咬铁','female',18,'20140512','operation',17000,403,3)
;

View Code

三种简单的查询：

　　#简单查寻：
　　select * from employee;
 select name,salary from employee;
 #避免重复
 mysql> select distinct post from employee;
 #通过四则运算查询
 SELECT name, salary*12 AS Annual_salary FROM employee; #查询到的薪资乘以12，as是重命名
 +------------+---------------+
| name       | Annual_salary |
+------------+---------------+
| egon       |      87603.96 |
| alex       |   12000003.72 |
| wupeiqi    |      99600.00 |
| yuanhao    |      42000.00 |
| liwenzhou  |      25200.00 |
| jingliyang |     108000.00 |
| jinxin     |     360000.00 |
| 成龙       |     120000.00 |
| 歪歪       |      36001.56 |
| 丫丫       |      24004.20 |
| 丁丁       |      12004.44 |
| 星星       |      36003.48 |
| 格格       |      48003.96 |
| 张野       |     120001.56 |
| 程咬金     |     240000.00 |
| 程咬银     |     228000.00 |
| 程咬铜     |     216000.00 |
| 程咬铁     |     204000.00 |
+------------+---------------+



#查询的时候哈可以定义显示格式
   CONCAT() 函数用于连接字符串
   
例子：

mysql> SELECT CONCAT('姓名: ',name,'  年薪: ', salary*12)  AS Annual_salary
    ->    FROM employee;
+---------------------------------------+
| Annual_salary                         |
+---------------------------------------+
| 姓名: egon  年薪: 87603.96            |
| 姓名: alex  年薪: 12000003.72         |
| 姓名: wupeiqi  年薪: 99600.00         |
| 姓名: yuanhao  年薪: 42000.00         |
| 姓名: liwenzhou  年薪: 25200.00       |
| 姓名: jingliyang  年薪: 108000.00     |
| 姓名: jinxin  年薪: 360000.00         |
| 姓名: 成龙  年薪: 120000.00           |
| 姓名: 歪歪  年薪: 36001.56            |
| 姓名: 丫丫  年薪: 24004.20            |
| 姓名: 丁丁  年薪: 12004.44            |
| 姓名: 星星  年薪: 36003.48            |
| 姓名: 格格  年薪: 48003.96            |
| 姓名: 张野  年薪: 120001.56           |
| 姓名: 程咬金  年薪: 240000.00         |
| 姓名: 程咬银  年薪: 228000.00         |
| 姓名: 程咬铜  年薪: 216000.00         |
| 姓名: 程咬铁  年薪: 204000.00         |
+---------------------------------------+
18 rows in set (0.32 sec)



二 where条件约束
where字句中可以使用：

1. 比较运算符：> < >= <= <> !=
2. between 80 and 100 值在10到20之间
3. in(80,90,100) 值是10或20或30
4. like 'egon%'
    pattern可以是%或_，
    %表示任意多字符
    _表示一个字符 
5. 逻辑运算符：在多个条件直接可以使用逻辑运算符 and or not

#1:单条件查询
    SELECT name FROM employee
        WHERE post='sale';
        
#2:多条件查询

SELECT name,salary FROM employee
        WHERE post='teacher' AND salary>10000;



#3:关键字BETWEEN AND

   SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT BETWEEN 10000 AND 20000;


    
#4:关键字IS NULL(判断某个字段是否为NULL不能用等号，需要用IS)

    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NULL;

    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment IS NOT NULL;
        
    SELECT name,post_comment FROM employee 
        WHERE post_comment=''; 注意''是空字符串，不是null
    ps：
        执行
        update employee set post_comment='' where id=2;
        再用上条查看，就会有结果了



#5:关键字IN集合查询

   SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary=3000 OR salary=3500 OR salary=4000 OR salary=9000 ;
    
    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;

    SELECT name,salary FROM employee 
        WHERE salary NOT IN (3000,3500,4000,9000) ;



#6:关键字LIKE模糊查询
    通配符’%’
    SELECT * FROM employee 
            WHERE name LIKE 'eg%';

    通配符’_’#双下划线一个_代表一个字符，两个代表两个字符
例子：

  mysql> select * from emp where name like '__';
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
| id | name   | sex    | age | hire_date  | post      | post_comment | salary   | office | depart_id |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
|  8 | 成龙   | male   |  48 | 2010-11-11 | teacher   | NULL         | 10000.00 |    401 |         1 |
|  9 | 歪歪   | female |  48 | 2015-03-11 | sale      | NULL         |  3000.13 |    402 |         2 |
| 10 | 丫丫   | female |  38 | 2010-11-01 | sale      | NULL         |  2000.35 |    402 |         2 |
| 11 | 丁丁   | female |  18 | 2011-03-12 | sale      | NULL         |  1000.37 |    402 |         2 |
| 12 | 星星   | female |  18 | 2016-05-13 | sale      | NULL         |  3000.29 |    402 |         2 |
| 13 | 格格   | female |  28 | 2017-01-27 | sale      | NULL         |  4000.33 |    402 |         2 |
| 14 | 张野   | male   |  28 | 2016-03-11 | operation | NULL         | 10000.13 |    403 |         3 |
+----+--------+--------+-----+------------+-----------+--------------+----------+--------+-----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)


         
         
三 分组查询:GROUP BY
#1、首先明确一点：分组发生在where之后，即分组是基于where之后得到的记录而进行的

#2、分组指的是：将所有记录按照某个相同字段进行归类，比如针对员工信息表的职位分组，或者按照性别进行分组等

如果想分组，则必须要设置全局的sql的模式为ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY

 1 mysql> set global sql_mode='ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY';
 2 
 3 #查看MySQL 5.7默认的sql_mode如下：
 4 mysql> select @@global.sql_mode;
 5 +--------------------+
 6 | @@global.sql_mode  |
 7 +--------------------+
 8 | ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY |
 9 +--------------------+
10 row in set (0.00 sec)
11 
12 mysql> exit;#设置成功后，一定要退出，然后重新登录方可生效



然后查询：使用分组必须和聚合函数一起使用

mysql> select post,count(id) from employee group by post;
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| post                                    | count(id) |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
| operation                               |         5 |
| sale                                    |         5 |
| teacher                                 |         7 |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              |         1 |
+-----------------------------------------+-----------+
4 rows in set (0.34 sec)
GROUP BY关键字和GROUP_CONCAT()函数一起使用

mysql> SELECT post,GROUP_CONCAT(name) FROM employee GROUP BY post;
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| post                                    | GROUP_CONCAT(name)                                      |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| operation                               | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁                        |
| sale                                    | 歪歪,丫丫,丁丁,星星,格格                                |
| teacher                                 | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙   |
| 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | egon                                                    |
+-----------------------------------------+---------------------------------------------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)



四 聚合函数
#强调：聚合函数聚合的是组的内容，若是没有分组，则默认一组

示例：
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;
    SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=1;
    SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT MIN(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT AVG(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee;
    SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employee WHERE depart_id=3;
   
五 HAVING过滤

HAVING与WHERE不一样的地方在于!!!!!!

#！！！执行优先级从高到低：where > group by > having 
#1. Where 发生在分组group by之前，因而Where中可以有任意字段，但是绝对不能使用聚合函数。

#2. Having发生在分组group by之后，因而Having中可以使用分组的字段，无法直接取到其他字段,可以使用聚合函数
例子：

mysql> select post,avg(salary) from emp group by post having avg(salary)> 10000;
+-----------+---------------+
| post      | avg(salary)   |
+-----------+---------------+
| operation |  16800.026000 |
| teacher   | 151842.901429 |
+-----------+---------------+
2 rows in set (0.27 sec)


mysql> select post,avg(salary) from emp group by post having salary > 10000;
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'salary' in 'having clause'

分组后无法直接取到salary字段


  
例子3：

mysql> select post,group_concat(name) from emp group by post having avg(salary) > 10000;
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| post      | group_concat(name)                                      |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------+
| operation | 张野,程咬金,程咬银,程咬铜,程咬铁                        |
| teacher   | alex,wupeiqi,yuanhao,liwenzhou,jingliyang,jinxin,成龙   |
+-----------+---------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)



六 查询排序:ORDER BY
按单列排序
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary ASC;
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC;

按多列排序:先按照age排序，如果年纪相同，则按照薪资排序
    SELECT * from employee
        ORDER BY age,
        salary DESC;
      
七 限制查询的记录数:LIMIT

示例：
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC 
        LIMIT 3;                    #默认初始位置为0 
    
    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 0,5; #从第0开始，即先查询出第一条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

    SELECT * FROM employee ORDER BY salary DESC
        LIMIT 5,5; #从第5开始，即先查询出第6条，然后包含这一条在内往后查5条

八 使用正则表达式查询


SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP '^ale';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';

SELECT * FROM employee WHERE name REGEXP 'm{2}';


小结：对字符串匹配的方式
WHERE name = 'egon';
WHERE name LIKE 'yua%';
WHERE name REGEXP 'on$';

例子：
查看所有员工中名字是jin开头，n或者g结果的员工信息

select * from employee where name regexp '^jin.*[gn]$';