这是函数声明还是变量声明

我相信如下这个问题，写过C++的人或许都曾经遇到过。

Why does the compiler interpret this line as a function definition and not as a variable definition?

Y y(X());

in the following code:

#include <iostream>

struct X {
  X() { std::cout << "X"; }
};

struct Y {
  Y(const X &x) { std::cout << "Y"; }
  void f() { std::cout << "f"; }
};

int main() {
  Y y(X());
  y.f();
}

VS2010 gives the following error on line "y.f();"

leftof '.f'must have class/struct/union

 

Consider this :

float foo( int () )

This declares a function foo ( accepting a function returning int ) returning float.

Now read

Y y(X());

as y as function (accepting a function returning X)returning Y

The problem arises due to C++ most vexing parse

Can besolved with :

 Y y{ X() }; // requires C++11

or

Y y( ( X() ) );

  // ^     ^ notice parenthesis 

A quote from the standard :

§ 8.2 Ambiguity resolution[dcl.ambig.res]

1 - The ambiguity arising from the similarity between afunction-style cast and a declaration mentioned in 6.8 can also occur in thecontext of a declaration. In that context, the choice isbetween a function declaration with a redundant set of parentheses around aparameter name and an object declaration with a function-style cast as theinitializer. Just as for the ambiguities mentioned in6.8, there solution is to consider any construct that could possibly be a declaration adeclaration.[Note: a declaration can be explicitlydisambiguated by a nonfunction-style cast, by a = to indicate initialization orby removing the redundant parentheses around the parameter name. ]

struct S {
    S(int);
};
 
void foo(double a)
{
   S w(int(a));  // function declaration
   S x(int());   // function declaration
   S y((int)a);  // object declaration
   S z = int(a); // object declaration
}

Variable definition or function declaration?

        int a(1);      // variabledefinition
        int b();       // function declaration
        int b(foo);    // variable definition or function declaration?

It is hard to distinguish variable definition with function declaration?It is called "most vexingparse" in C++, which is classicallydemonstrated with a line such as

Aa(B()); //declares a function

While this, for most, intuitively appears to be the declaration ofan object a of type A, taking a temporary B object as aconstructor parameter, it's actually a declaration of a function a returning an A, taking a pointer to afunction which returns B and itself takes no parameters. Similarlythe line

Aa(); //declares a function

also falls under the same category, since instead of an object, it declares a function. Now, in the first case, the usual workaround for thisissue is to add an extra set of brackets/parenthesis around the B(), as the compiler will then interpret it as the declaration of anobject

Aa((B())); //declares an object

However, in the secondcase, doing the same leads to a compile error

Aa(()); //compile error

If you do have anexpression within then it is valid. For example:

A a((0));//compiles

The final solution tothis issue is to move to the C+11 uniform initialization syntax if you can.

Aa{};

Ref:

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1424510/most-vexing-parse-why-doesnt-a-a-work

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/26399686/function-definition-or-variable-definition

http://www.stroustrup.com/C++11FAQ.html#uniform-init