C++重载new operator

关于重载new operator，Effective C++ 中给出了new/delete 的几点理由：

• 检测代码中的内存错误
• 优化性能
• 获得内存使用的统计数据

除了基本的重载new operator之外，你可以增加参数，提高函数的灵活性。比如：

void* operator new(size_t size, const char* file, int line);  // 其返回的指针必须能被普通的 ::operator delete(void*) 释放

void operator delete(void* p, const char* file, int line);   // 这个函数只在析构函数抛异常的情况下才会被调用

在使用时，

Foo* p = new (__FILE, __LINE__) Foo;   // 这样能跟踪是哪个文件，哪一行代码分配的内存

我们也可以用宏替换 new 来节省打字。“检测内存错误”和“统计内存使用情况”通常会用这种方式重载。

class MyObj
{
public:
	MyObj():m_i(0), m_c('c'),m_ii(1){}
	MyObj& operator=(const MyObj& obj)
	{
		if (this != &obj)
		{
			this->m_i = obj.m_c;
			this->m_c = obj.m_c;
			this->m_ii = obj.m_ii;
		}
		return *this;
	}
private:
	int m_i;
	char m_c;
	int m_ii;
};

class MyObjContainer
{
public:
	MyObjContainer():m_i(1),m_pObj(NULL){}
	MyObjContainer(MyObj* pObj):m_i(0),m_pObj(pObj){}

	MyObjContainer& operator=(const MyObjContainer& obj)
	{
		if (this != &obj)
		{
			this->m_i = obj.m_i;
			this->m_pObj = obj.m_pObj;
		}
		return *this;
	}

	void* operator new(size_t size, new_handler handle = 0)
	{
		if (!size)
			size = 1;
		
		while (1){
			void* pointer = malloc(size);

			if (pointer != NULL)
			{
				cout << "Dear, we have new " << size << " memory" << endl;
				return pointer;
			}
			//new_handler global_handler = set_new_handler(0);
			set_new_handler(handle);

			if (handle) 
			{
				(*handle)();
				return 0;
			}
			else
				throw bad_alloc();
		}
	}

	void operator delete(void* pointer)
	{
		if (NULL == pointer)
			return;

		free(pointer);
	}

	void destroy() {
		if (m_pObj != NULL)
			delete m_pObj;

		delete this;
	}
private:
	int		m_i;
	MyObj*	m_pObj;
	int		m_arr[1024*1024*510];

	~MyObjContainer()
	{
	}
};

void no_memory()
{
	cout << "OMG, no memory!!!!" << endl;
}

void private_decons()
{
	MyObj* pMy = new MyObj();
	MyObjContainer* pCons = new(no_memory) MyObjContainer(pMy);
	if (pCons != NULL)
	{
		pCons->destroy();
		pCons = NULL;
	}
	else
		delete pMy;
}

注意：

• 用系统默认的 malloc() 分配的内存要交给系统默认的 free() 去释放；
• 用系统默认的 new 表达式创建的对象要交给系统默认的 delete 表达式去析构并释放；
• 用系统默认的 new[] 表达式创建的对象要交给系统默认的 delete[] 表达式去析构并释放；
• 用系统默认的 ::operator new() 分配的的内存要交给系统默认的 ::operator delete() 去释放；
• 用 placement new 创建的对象要用 placement delete 去析构；

最近看了《C++ In Action》，其中有一节讲述overloading operator new，内容还是蛮精彩的，其中Tracing memory leak印象颇深。遂记录下来。

class Tracer
{
private:
    class Entry
    {
    public:
        Entry (char const * file, int line)
            : _file (file), _line (line)
        {}
        Entry ()
            : _file (0), _line (0)
        {}
        char const * File () const { return _file; }
        int Line () const { return _line; }
    private:
        char const * _file;
        int _line;
    };

    class Lock
    {
    public:
        Lock (Tracer & tracer)
            : _tracer (tracer)
        {
            _tracer.lock ();
        }
        ~Lock ()
        {
            _tracer.unlock ();
        }
    private:
        Tracer & _tracer;
    };

   // friend class Lock;

public:
    Tracer ();
    ~Tracer ();
    void Add (void * p, char const * file, int line);
    void Remove (void * p);
    void Dump ();

    static bool Ready;

private:
    void lock () { _lockCount++; }
    void unlock () { _lockCount--; }

private:
    typedef std::map<void *, Entry>::iterator iterator;
    std::map<void *, Entry> _map;
    int _lockCount;
};

bool Tracer::Ready = false;

Tracer::Tracer():_lockCount(0)
{
	Ready = true;
}

Tracer::~Tracer()
{
	Ready = false;
	Dump();
}

void Tracer::Dump()
{
	if (_map.size() != 0)
	{
		cout << _map.size() << " memory leaks detected" << endl;
		for (iterator itor = _map.begin(); itor != _map.end(); ++itor)
		{
			char const* file = itor->second.File();
			int line = itor->second.Line();
			cout << file << ", " << line << endl;
		}
	}
}

void Tracer::Add(void *p, const char *file, int line)
{
	if (_lockCount > 0)
		return;
	Tracer::Lock lock(*this);
	_map[p] = Entry(file, line);
}

void Tracer::Remove(void *p)
{
	if (_lockCount > 0)
		return;

	Tracer::Lock lock(*this);

	iterator itor = _map.find(p);
	if (itor != _map.end())
		_map.erase(itor);
}

/*extern*/ Tracer gNewTracer;

void* operator new (size_t size, const char* file, int line)
{
	void* p = malloc(size);
	if (Tracer::Ready)
		gNewTracer.Add(p, file, line);
	return p;
}

void operator delete(void* p, const char* file, int line)
{
	if (Tracer::Ready)
		gNewTracer.Remove(p);
	free(p);
}

void* operator new (size_t size)
{
	void* p = malloc(size);
	if (Tracer::Ready)
		gNewTracer.Add(p, "?", 0);
	return p;
}

void operator delete(void* p)
{
	if (Tracer::Ready)
		gNewTracer.Remove(p);
	free(p);
}

#define new new(__FILE__, __LINE__)

当然这段code中Locker可依据具体实际应用而改变。。。

参考文献：

不要重载全局operator new    http://blog.csdn.net/Solstice/article/details/6198937

Effective C++

C++ In Action