python语言特性
- 相比于shell脚本，pytho提供更多的支持
- 相比于C，python提供更多的参数检查
- 是一种高级语言，内置很多数据类型
- 允许在单行语句中执行复杂的操作
- 语句通过缩进进行分组（4个空格），不是括号
- 是一种动态语言，变量可重新赋值
- 变量不需要参数声明，没有变量也可以
- 本身附带很多的模块，也可以将程序拆分成很多模块
- 可用于Web开发，图形界面，科学运算，机器学习等方面
- 是一种解释性语言，可以极大节约开发时间
- 代码风格紧凑，易读性好
- Python是以BBC节目“Monty Python’s Flying Circus”命名的，与爬行动物无关
Python使用简介
#后面内容代表单行注释，例如
# this is the first comment
spam = 1 # and this is the second comment
# ... and now a third!
text = "# This is not a comment because it's inside quotes."将Python作为计算器
可以想其它语言一样使用+, -, *, /，也可以使用()进行分组，例如
>>> 2 + 2
4
>>> 50 - 5*6
20
>>> (50 - 5*6) / 4
5.0
>>> 8 / 5 # division always returns a floating point number
1.6整数（2, 100, -6）的类型是整型int，有小数部分（1.6, -6.0）的类型是浮点型float；除法/永远返回浮点数，使用地板除//可以得到一个向下取整的整数，使用%可以得到余数；Python可以使用**，来表示冥运算例如
>>> 17 / 3 # classic division returns a float
5.666666666666667
>>>
>>> 17 // 3 # floor division discards the fractional part
5
>>> 17 % 3 # the % operator returns the remainder of the division
2
>>> 5 * 3 + 2 # result * divisor + remainder
17
>>> 5 ** 2 # 5 squared
25
>>> 2 ** 7 # 2 to the power of 7
128=表示赋值，将值指定给变量名，应理解为将变量名指向变量，调用为赋值的变量会报错
>>> width = 20
>>> height = 5 * 9
>>> width * height
900
>>> n # try to access an undefined variable
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'n' is not defined包含浮点数的运算，结果总会返回浮点数；在python解释器中，可用_表示上一次打印的值，例如
>>> 4 * 3.75 - 1
14.0
>>> tax = 12.5 / 100
>>> price = 100.50
>>> price * tax
12.5625
>>> price + _
113.0625
>>> round(_, 2)
113.06字符串
Python中，将"...", '...'括起的内容表示字符串，在字符串里，可以使用\转义符，显示单个括号，例如
>>> 'spam eggs' # single quotes
'spam eggs'
>>> 'doesn\'t' # use \' to escape the single quote...
"doesn't"
>>> "doesn't" # ...or use double quotes instead
"doesn't"
>>> '"Yes," he said.'
'"Yes," he said.'
>>> "\"Yes,\" he said."
'"Yes," he said.'
>>> '"Isn\'t," she said.'
'"Isn\'t," she said.'输出易读字符串使用print()函数，注意：特殊的字符应该使用反斜杠转义；也可以使用r'...'表示原始字符串，内部不转义，例如
>>> '"Isn\'t," she said.'
'"Isn\'t," she said.'
>>> print('"Isn\'t," she said.')
"Isn't," she said.
>>> s = 'First line.\nSecond line.' # \n means newline
>>> s # without print(), \n is included in the output
'First line.\nSecond line.'
>>> print(s) # with print(), \n produces a new line
First line.
Second line.
>>> print('C:\some\name') # here \n means newline!
C:\some
ame
>>> print(r'C:\some\name') # note the r before the quote
C:\some\name字符串也可以书写多行字符串，使用三括号"""...""", '''...'''， 最后一行默认包含一行字符串，通常为了避免它，使用\，例如
print("""\
Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]
-h Display this usage message
-H hostname Hostname to connect to
""")
# output
Usage: thingy [OPTIONS]
-h Display this usage message
-H hostname Hostname to connect to字符串可以使用+进行拼接和使用*进行重复；当只有两个字符串相邻，默认拼接在一起，但变量或者表达式就不行，如果想拼接变量或表达式，可以使用+；上面这种特性可以方便输入长字符串，例如
>>> # 3 times 'un', followed by 'ium'
>>> 3 * 'un' + 'ium'
'unununium'
>>> 'Py' 'thon'
'Python'
>>> prefix = 'Py'
>>> prefix 'thon' # can't concatenate a variable and a string literal
...
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> ('un' * 3) 'ium'
...
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
>>> prefix + 'thon'
'Python'
>>> text = ('Put several strings within parentheses '
... 'to have them joined together.')
>>> text
'Put several strings within parentheses to have them joined together.'字符串也可以被索引，第一个位置索引为0，也可以从右侧索引，起始位置为-1，例如
>>> word = 'Python'
>>> word[0] # character in position 0
'P'
>>> word[5] # character in position 5
'n'
>>> word[-1] # last character
'n'
>>> word[-2] # second-last character
'o'
>>> word[-6]
'P'切片也适用于字符串，返回一个子集；起始位置总包含在内，而结束位置则不包含，是为了s[:i] + s[i:]==s；起始位置忽略是默认为0，终止位置忽略时默认到后面全部可切片值，例如
>>> word[0:2] # characters from position 0 (included) to 2 (excluded)
'Py'
>>> word[2:5] # characters from position 2 (included) to 5 (excluded)
'tho'
>>> word[:2] + word[2:]
'Python'
>>> word[:4] + word[4:]
'Python'切片原理助记；当索引太大时，会报错，但切片太大时，则不会报错
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
| P | y | t | h | o | n |
+---+---+---+---+---+---+
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
>>> word[42] # the word only has 6 characters
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range
>>> word[4:42]
'on'
>>> word[42:]
''字符串是不可以更改的，所以是不能通过索引重新赋值的；但我们可以通过创建一个新的来达到目的；内置函数len()可以获取字符串长度，例如
>>> word[0] = 'J'
...
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
>>> word[2:] = 'py'
...
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment
>>> 'J' + word[1:]
'Jython'
>>> word[:2] + 'py'
'Pypy'
>>> s = 'supercalifragilisticexpialidocious'
>>> len(s)
34Lists列表
列表可以包含不同数据类型的数据，但建议他们都是一种类型，通过[]表示列表；列表支持切片和索引（有序地），例如：
>>> squares = [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
>>> squares
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
>>> squares[0] # indexing returns the item
1
>>> squares[-1]
25
>>> squares[-3:] # slicing returns a new list
[9, 16, 25]切片返回一个请求元素的新列表，是一种浅拷贝；列表也支持链接+；列表是可变的，可以重新赋值，可以使用append()添加一条数据到末尾，例如
>>> squares[:]
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
>>> squares + [36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
[1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100]
>>> cubes = [1, 8, 27, 65, 125] # something's wrong here
>>> 4 ** 3 # the cube of 4 is 64, not 65!
64
>>> cubes[3] = 64 # replace the wrong value
>>> cubes
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125]
>>> cubes.append(216) # add the cube of 6
>>> cubes.append(7 ** 3) # and the cube of 7
>>> cubes
[1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343]通过切片改变列表；len()函数可以计算列表元素多少；列表也可以作为列表的元素，例如
>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd']
>>> len(letters)
4
>>> a = ['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> n = [1, 2, 3]
>>> x = [a, n]
>>> x
[['a', 'b', 'c'], [1, 2, 3]]
>>> x[0]
['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> x[0][1]
'b'编程第一步
可以使用Python做更复杂的任务，例如斐波拉契数列，例如
>>> # Fibonacci series:
... # the sum of two elements defines the next
... a, b = 0, 1
>>> while b < 10:
... print(b)
... a, b = b, a+b
...
1
1
2
3
5
8- 上面第一行，同时对多个参数进行初始赋值，一一对应，如果包含运算，则会先计算右侧或将整个表达式复制给左侧变量
while循环，当后面条件为真（非空非0：non-zero）的时候就会执行缩进代码块，标准的比较方式与C一样，>, <, >=, =<, !=- 循环的内容是缩进的，在Python中通过缩进对代码进行分组
print()函数，将参数的值打印到屏幕，也可以接受另一个参数end='..',，来改变输出样式，默认换行
>>> a, b = 0, 1
>>> while b < 1000:
... print(b, end=',')
... a, b = b, a+b
...
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34,55,89,144,233,377,610,987,
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