下面我们先简单讨论一个根接口Collection，然后分析一个抽象类AbstractList和它的对应Iterator接口，并仔细研究迭代子模式的实现原理。
本文讨论的源代码版本是JDK 1.4.2，因为JDK 1.5在java.util中使用了很多泛型代码，为了简化问题，所以我们还是讨论1.4版本的代码。
集合类的根接口Collection
Collection接口是所有集合类的根类型。它的一个主要的接口方法是：
boolean add(Object c)
add()方法将添加一个新元素。注意这个方法会返回一个boolean，但是返回值不是表示添加成功与否。仔细阅读doc可以看到，Collection规定：如果一个集合拒绝添加这个元素，无论任何原因，都必须抛出异常。这个返回值表示的意义是add()方法执行后，集合的内容是否改变了（就是元素有无数量，位置等变化），这是由具体类实现的。即：如果方法出错，总会抛出异常；返回值仅仅表示该方法执行后这个Collection的内容有无变化。
类似的还有：
boolean addAll(Collection c);
boolean remove(Object o);
boolean removeAll(Collection c);
boolean remainAll(Collection c);
Object[] toArray()方法很简单，把集合转换成数组返回。Object[] toArray(Object[] a)方法就有点复杂了，首先，返回的Object[]仍然是把集合的所有元素变成的数组，但是类型和参数a的类型是相同的，比如执行：
String[] o = (String[])c.toArray(new String[0]);
得到的o实际类型是String[]。
其次，如果参数a的大小装不下集合的所有元素，返回的将是一个新的数组。如果参数a的大小能装下集合的所有元素，则返回的还是a，但a的内容用集合的元素来填充。尤其要注意的是，如果a的大小比集合元素的个数还多，a后面的部分全部被置为null。
最后一个最重要的方法是iterator()，返回一个Iterator（迭代子），用于遍历集合的所有元素。
用Iterator模式实现遍历集合
Iterator模式是用于遍历集合类的标准访问方法。它可以把访问逻辑从不同类型的集合类中抽象出来，从而避免向客户端暴露集合的内部结构。
例如，如果没有使用Iterator，遍历一个数组的方法是使用索引：
for (int i=0; i<array.size(); i++) {
// TODO: get(i) ...
}
而访问一个链表（LinkedList）又必须使用while循环：
while ((e=e.next())!=null) {
// TODO: e.data() ...
}
以上两种方法客户端都必须事先知道集合的内部结构，访问代码和集合本身是紧耦合，无法将访问逻辑从集合类和客户端代码中分离出来，每一种集合对应一种遍历方法，客户端代码无法复用。
更恐怖的是，如果以后需要把ArrayList更换为LinkedList，则原来的客户端代码必须全部重写。
为解决以上问题，Iterator模式总是用同一种逻辑来遍历集合：
for (Iterator it = c.iterater(); it.hasNext(); ) { ... }
奥秘在于客户端自身不维护遍历集合的"指针"，所有的内部状态（如当前元素位置，是否有下一个元素）都由Iterator来维护，而这个Iterator由集合类通过工厂方法生成，因此，它知道如何遍历整个集合。
客户端从不直接和集合类打交道，它总是控制Iterator，向它发送"向前"，"向后"，"取当前元素"的命令，就可以间接遍历整个集合。
首先看看java.util.Iterator接口的定义：
public interface Iterator {
boolean hasNext();
Object next();
void remove();
}
依赖前两个方法就能完成遍历，典型的代码如下：
for (Iterator it = c.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
Object o = it.next();
// 对o的操作...
}
在JDK1.5中，还对上面的代码在语法上作了简化：
// Type是具体的类型，如String。
for (Type t : c) {
// 对t的操作...
}
每一种集合类返回的Iterator具体类型可能不同，Array可能返回ArrayIterator，Set可能返回SetIterator，Tree可能返回TreeIterator，但是它们都实现了Iterator接口，因此，客户端不关心到底是哪种Iterator，它只需要获得这个Iterator接口即可，这就是面向对象的威力。
Iterator源码剖析
让我们来看看AbstracyList如何创建Iterator。首先AbstractList定义了一个内部类（inner class）：
private class Itr implements Iterator {
...
}
而iterator()方法的定义是：
public Iterator iterator() {
return new Itr();
}
因此客户端不知道它通过Iterator it = a.iterator();所获得的Iterator的真正类型。
现在我们关心的是这个申明为private的Itr类是如何实现遍历AbstractList的：
private class Itr implements Iterator {
int cursor = 0;
int lastRet = -1;
int expectedModCount = modCount;
}
Itr类依靠3个int变量（还有一个隐含的AbstractList的引用）来实现遍历，cursor是下一次next()调用时元素的位置，第一次调用next()将返回索引为0的元素。lastRet记录上一次游标所在位置，因此它总是比cursor少1。
变量cursor和集合的元素个数决定hasNext()：
public boolean hasNext() {
return cursor != size();
}
方法next()返回的是索引为cursor的元素，然后修改cursor和lastRet的值：
public Object next() {
checkForComodification();
try {
Object next = get(cursor);
lastRet = cursor++;
return next;
} catch(IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
checkForComodification();
throw new NoSuchElementException();
}
}
expectedModCount表示期待的modCount值，用来判断在遍历过程中集合是否被修改过。AbstractList包含一个modCount变量，它的初始值是0，当集合每被修改一次时（调用add，remove等方法），modCount加1。因此，modCount如果不变，表示集合内容未被修改。
Itr初始化时用expectedModCount记录集合的modCount变量，此后在必要的地方它会检测modCount的值：
final void checkForComodification() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
如果modCount与一开始记录在expectedModeCount中的值不等，说明集合内容被修改过，此时会抛出ConcurrentModificationException。
这个ConcurrentModificationException是RuntimeException，不要在客户端捕获它。如果发生此异常，说明程序代码的编写有问题，应该仔细检查代码而不是在catch中忽略它。
但是调用Iterator自身的remove()方法删除当前元素是完全没有问题的，因为在这个方法中会自动同步expectedModCount和modCount的值：
public void remove() {
...
AbstractList.this.remove(lastRet);
...
// 在调用了集合的remove()方法之后重新设置了expectedModCount：
expectedModCount = modCount;
...
}
要确保遍历过程顺利完成，必须保证遍历过程中不更改集合的内容（Iterator的remove()方法除外），因此，确保遍历可靠的原则是只在一个线程中使用这个集合，或者在多线程中对遍历代码进行同步。
最后给个完整的示例：
Collection c = new ArrayList();
c.add("abc");
c.add("xyz");
for (Iterator it = c.iterator(); it.hasNext(); ) {
String s = (String)it.next();
System.out.println(s);
}
如果你把第一行代码的ArrayList换成LinkedList或Vector，剩下的代码不用改动一行就能编译，而且功能不变，这就是针对抽象编程的原则：对具体类的依赖性最小。
廖雪峰 / 编程 / 2007-1-11 3:05 / 阅读: 1
本文最早发表于Sun技术社区
贴心的附上源代码：
/*
* Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*/
package java.util;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
/**
* An iterator over a collection. {@code Iterator} takes the place of
* {@link Enumeration} in the Java Collections Framework. Iterators
* differ from enumerations in two ways:
*
* <ul>
* <li> Iterators allow the caller to remove elements from the
* underlying collection during the iteration with well-defined
* semantics.
* <li> Method names have been improved.
* </ul>
*
* <p>This interface is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @param <E> the type of elements returned by this iterator
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @see Collection
* @see ListIterator
* @see Iterable
* @since 1.2
*/
public interface Iterator<E> {
/**
* Returns {@code true} if the iteration has more elements.
* (In other words, returns {@code true} if {@link #next} would
* return an element rather than throwing an exception.)
*
* @return {@code true} if the iteration has more elements
*/
boolean hasNext();
/**
* Returns the next element in the iteration.
*
* @return the next element in the iteration
* @throws NoSuchElementException if the iteration has no more elements
*/
E next();
/**
* Removes from the underlying collection the last element returned
* by this iterator (optional operation). This method can be called
* only once per call to {@link #next}. The behavior of an iterator
* is unspecified if the underlying collection is modified while the
* iteration is in progress in any way other than by calling this
* method.
*
* @implSpec
* The default implementation throws an instance of
* {@link UnsupportedOperationException} and performs no other action.
*
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code remove}
* operation is not supported by this iterator
*
* @throws IllegalStateException if the {@code next} method has not
* yet been called, or the {@code remove} method has already
* been called after the last call to the {@code next}
* method
*/
default void remove() {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException("remove");
}
/**
* Performs the given action for each remaining element until all elements
* have been processed or the action throws an exception. Actions are
* performed in the order of iteration, if that order is specified.
* Exceptions thrown by the action are relayed to the caller.
*
* @implSpec
* <p>The default implementation behaves as if:
* <pre>{@code
* while (hasNext())
* action.accept(next());
* }</pre>
*
* @param action The action to be performed for each element
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified action is null
* @since 1.8
*/
default void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) {
Objects.requireNonNull(action);
while (hasNext())
action.accept(next());
}
}
/*
* Copyright (c) 1997, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*/
package java.util;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
import java.util.stream.StreamSupport;
/**
* The root interface in the <i>collection hierarchy</i>. A collection
* represents a group of objects, known as its <i>elements</i>. Some
* collections allow duplicate elements and others do not. Some are ordered
* and others unordered. The JDK does not provide any <i>direct</i>
* implementations of this interface: it provides implementations of more
* specific subinterfaces like <tt>Set</tt> and <tt>List</tt>. This interface
* is typically used to pass collections around and manipulate them where
* maximum generality is desired.
*
* <p><i>Bags</i> or <i>multisets</i> (unordered collections that may contain
* duplicate elements) should implement this interface directly.
*
* <p>All general-purpose <tt>Collection</tt> implementation classes (which
* typically implement <tt>Collection</tt> indirectly through one of its
* subinterfaces) should provide two "standard" constructors: a void (no
* arguments) constructor, which creates an empty collection, and a
* constructor with a single argument of type <tt>Collection</tt>, which
* creates a new collection with the same elements as its argument. In
* effect, the latter constructor allows the user to copy any collection,
* producing an equivalent collection of the desired implementation type.
* There is no way to enforce this convention (as interfaces cannot contain
* constructors) but all of the general-purpose <tt>Collection</tt>
* implementations in the Java platform libraries comply.
*
* <p>The "destructive" methods contained in this interface, that is, the
* methods that modify the collection on which they operate, are specified to
* throw <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt> if this collection does not
* support the operation. If this is the case, these methods may, but are not
* required to, throw an <tt>UnsupportedOperationException</tt> if the
* invocation would have no effect on the collection. For example, invoking
* the {@link #addAll(Collection)} method on an unmodifiable collection may,
* but is not required to, throw the exception if the collection to be added
* is empty.
*
* <p><a name="optional-restrictions">
* Some collection implementations have restrictions on the elements that
* they may contain.</a> For example, some implementations prohibit null elements,
* and some have restrictions on the types of their elements. Attempting to
* add an ineligible element throws an unchecked exception, typically
* <tt>NullPointerException</tt> or <tt>ClassCastException</tt>. Attempting
* to query the presence of an ineligible element may throw an exception,
* or it may simply return false; some implementations will exhibit the former
* behavior and some will exhibit the latter. More generally, attempting an
* operation on an ineligible element whose completion would not result in
* the insertion of an ineligible element into the collection may throw an
* exception or it may succeed, at the option of the implementation.
* Such exceptions are marked as "optional" in the specification for this
* interface.
*
* <p>It is up to each collection to determine its own synchronization
* policy. In the absence of a stronger guarantee by the
* implementation, undefined behavior may result from the invocation
* of any method on a collection that is being mutated by another
* thread; this includes direct invocations, passing the collection to
* a method that might perform invocations, and using an existing
* iterator to examine the collection.
*
* <p>Many methods in Collections Framework interfaces are defined in
* terms of the {@link Object#equals(Object) equals} method. For example,
* the specification for the {@link #contains(Object) contains(Object o)}
* method says: "returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this collection
* contains at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>." This specification should
* <i>not</i> be construed to imply that invoking <tt>Collection.contains</tt>
* with a non-null argument <tt>o</tt> will cause <tt>o.equals(e)</tt> to be
* invoked for any element <tt>e</tt>. Implementations are free to implement
* optimizations whereby the <tt>equals</tt> invocation is avoided, for
* example, by first comparing the hash codes of the two elements. (The
* {@link Object#hashCode()} specification guarantees that two objects with
* unequal hash codes cannot be equal.) More generally, implementations of
* the various Collections Framework interfaces are free to take advantage of
* the specified behavior of underlying {@link Object} methods wherever the
* implementor deems it appropriate.
*
* <p>Some collection operations which perform recursive traversal of the
* collection may fail with an exception for self-referential instances where
* the collection directly or indirectly contains itself. This includes the
* {@code clone()}, {@code equals()}, {@code hashCode()} and {@code toString()}
* methods. Implementations may optionally handle the self-referential scenario,
* however most current implementations do not do so.
*
* <p>This interface is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @implSpec
* The default method implementations (inherited or otherwise) do not apply any
* synchronization protocol. If a {@code Collection} implementation has a
* specific synchronization protocol, then it must override default
* implementations to apply that protocol.
*
* @param <E> the type of elements in this collection
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @author Neal Gafter
* @see Set
* @see List
* @see Map
* @see SortedSet
* @see SortedMap
* @see HashSet
* @see TreeSet
* @see ArrayList
* @see LinkedList
* @see Vector
* @see Collections
* @see Arrays
* @see AbstractCollection
* @since 1.2
*/
public interface Collection<E> extends Iterable<E> {
// Query Operations
/**
* Returns the number of elements in this collection. If this collection
* contains more than <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt> elements, returns
* <tt>Integer.MAX_VALUE</tt>.
*
* @return the number of elements in this collection
*/
int size();
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this collection contains no elements.
*
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this collection contains no elements
*/
boolean isEmpty();
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this collection contains the specified element.
* More formally, returns <tt>true</tt> if and only if this collection
* contains at least one element <tt>e</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>.
*
* @param o element whose presence in this collection is to be tested
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this collection contains the specified
* element
* @throws ClassCastException if the type of the specified element
* is incompatible with this collection
* (<a href="#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
* collection does not permit null elements
* (<a href="#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
*/
boolean contains(Object o);
/**
* Returns an iterator over the elements in this collection. There are no
* guarantees concerning the order in which the elements are returned
* (unless this collection is an instance of some class that provides a
* guarantee).
*
* @return an <tt>Iterator</tt> over the elements in this collection
*/
Iterator<E> iterator();
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection.
* If this collection makes any guarantees as to what order its elements
* are returned by its iterator, this method must return the elements in
* the same order.
*
* <p>The returned array will be "safe" in that no references to it are
* maintained by this collection. (In other words, this method must
* allocate a new array even if this collection is backed by an array).
* The caller is thus free to modify the returned array.
*
* <p>This method acts as bridge between array-based and collection-based
* APIs.
*
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this collection
*/
Object[] toArray();
/**
* Returns an array containing all of the elements in this collection;
* the runtime type of the returned array is that of the specified array.
* If the collection fits in the specified array, it is returned therein.
* Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime type of the
* specified array and the size of this collection.
*
* <p>If this collection fits in the specified array with room to spare
* (i.e., the array has more elements than this collection), the element
* in the array immediately following the end of the collection is set to
* <tt>null</tt>. (This is useful in determining the length of this
* collection <i>only</i> if the caller knows that this collection does
* not contain any <tt>null</tt> elements.)
*
* <p>If this collection makes any guarantees as to what order its elements
* are returned by its iterator, this method must return the elements in
* the same order.
*
* <p>Like the {@link #toArray()} method, this method acts as bridge between
* array-based and collection-based APIs. Further, this method allows
* precise control over the runtime type of the output array, and may,
* under certain circumstances, be used to save allocation costs.
*
* <p>Suppose <tt>x</tt> is a collection known to contain only strings.
* The following code can be used to dump the collection into a newly
* allocated array of <tt>String</tt>:
*
* <pre>
* String[] y = x.toArray(new String[0]);</pre>
*
* Note that <tt>toArray(new Object[0])</tt> is identical in function to
* <tt>toArray()</tt>.
*
* @param <T> the runtime type of the array to contain the collection
* @param a the array into which the elements of this collection are to be
* stored, if it is big enough; otherwise, a new array of the same
* runtime type is allocated for this purpose.
* @return an array containing all of the elements in this collection
* @throws ArrayStoreException if the runtime type of the specified array
* is not a supertype of the runtime type of every element in
* this collection
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified array is null
*/
<T> T[] toArray(T[] a);
// Modification Operations
/**
* Ensures that this collection contains the specified element (optional
* operation). Returns <tt>true</tt> if this collection changed as a
* result of the call. (Returns <tt>false</tt> if this collection does
* not permit duplicates and already contains the specified element.)<p>
*
* Collections that support this operation may place limitations on what
* elements may be added to this collection. In particular, some
* collections will refuse to add <tt>null</tt> elements, and others will
* impose restrictions on the type of elements that may be added.
* Collection classes should clearly specify in their documentation any
* restrictions on what elements may be added.<p>
*
* If a collection refuses to add a particular element for any reason
* other than that it already contains the element, it <i>must</i> throw
* an exception (rather than returning <tt>false</tt>). This preserves
* the invariant that a collection always contains the specified element
* after this call returns.
*
* @param e element whose presence in this collection is to be ensured
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this collection changed as a result of the
* call
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>add</tt> operation
* is not supported by this collection
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
* prevents it from being added to this collection
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
* collection does not permit null elements
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of the element
* prevents it from being added to this collection
* @throws IllegalStateException if the element cannot be added at this
* time due to insertion restrictions
*/
boolean add(E e);
/**
* Removes a single instance of the specified element from this
* collection, if it is present (optional operation). More formally,
* removes an element <tt>e</tt> such that
* <tt>(o==null ? e==null : o.equals(e))</tt>, if
* this collection contains one or more such elements. Returns
* <tt>true</tt> if this collection contained the specified element (or
* equivalently, if this collection changed as a result of the call).
*
* @param o element to be removed from this collection, if present
* @return <tt>true</tt> if an element was removed as a result of this call
* @throws ClassCastException if the type of the specified element
* is incompatible with this collection
* (<a href="#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
* collection does not permit null elements
* (<a href="#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>remove</tt> operation
* is not supported by this collection
*/
boolean remove(Object o);
// Bulk Operations
/**
* Returns <tt>true</tt> if this collection contains all of the elements
* in the specified collection.
*
* @param c collection to be checked for containment in this collection
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this collection contains all of the elements
* in the specified collection
* @throws ClassCastException if the types of one or more elements
* in the specified collection are incompatible with this
* collection
* (<a href="#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection contains one
* or more null elements and this collection does not permit null
* elements
* (<a href="#optional-restrictions">optional</a>),
* or if the specified collection is null.
* @see #contains(Object)
*/
boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c);
/**
* Adds all of the elements in the specified collection to this collection
* (optional operation). The behavior of this operation is undefined if
* the specified collection is modified while the operation is in progress.
* (This implies that the behavior of this call is undefined if the
* specified collection is this collection, and this collection is
* nonempty.)
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be added to this collection
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this collection changed as a result of the call
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>addAll</tt> operation
* is not supported by this collection
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of an element of the specified
* collection prevents it from being added to this collection
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified collection contains a
* null element and this collection does not permit null elements,
* or if the specified collection is null
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of an element of the
* specified collection prevents it from being added to this
* collection
* @throws IllegalStateException if not all the elements can be added at
* this time due to insertion restrictions
* @see #add(Object)
*/
boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c);
/**
* Removes all of this collection's elements that are also contained in the
* specified collection (optional operation). After this call returns,
* this collection will contain no elements in common with the specified
* collection.
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be removed from this collection
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this collection changed as a result of the
* call
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>removeAll</tt> method
* is not supported by this collection
* @throws ClassCastException if the types of one or more elements
* in this collection are incompatible with the specified
* collection
* (<a href="#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws NullPointerException if this collection contains one or more
* null elements and the specified collection does not support
* null elements
* (<a href="#optional-restrictions">optional</a>),
* or if the specified collection is null
* @see #remove(Object)
* @see #contains(Object)
*/
boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c);
/**
* Removes all of the elements of this collection that satisfy the given
* predicate. Errors or runtime exceptions thrown during iteration or by
* the predicate are relayed to the caller.
*
* @implSpec
* The default implementation traverses all elements of the collection using
* its {@link #iterator}. Each matching element is removed using
* {@link Iterator#remove()}. If the collection's iterator does not
* support removal then an {@code UnsupportedOperationException} will be
* thrown on the first matching element.
*
* @param filter a predicate which returns {@code true} for elements to be
* removed
* @return {@code true} if any elements were removed
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified filter is null
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if elements cannot be removed
* from this collection. Implementations may throw this exception if a
* matching element cannot be removed or if, in general, removal is not
* supported.
* @since 1.8
*/
default boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter) {
Objects.requireNonNull(filter);
boolean removed = false;
final Iterator<E> each = iterator();
while (each.hasNext()) {
if (filter.test(each.next())) {
each.remove();
removed = true;
}
}
return removed;
}
/**
* Retains only the elements in this collection that are contained in the
* specified collection (optional operation). In other words, removes from
* this collection all of its elements that are not contained in the
* specified collection.
*
* @param c collection containing elements to be retained in this collection
* @return <tt>true</tt> if this collection changed as a result of the call
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>retainAll</tt> operation
* is not supported by this collection
* @throws ClassCastException if the types of one or more elements
* in this collection are incompatible with the specified
* collection
* (<a href="#optional-restrictions">optional</a>)
* @throws NullPointerException if this collection contains one or more
* null elements and the specified collection does not permit null
* elements
* (<a href="#optional-restrictions">optional</a>),
* or if the specified collection is null
* @see #remove(Object)
* @see #contains(Object)
*/
boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c);
/**
* Removes all of the elements from this collection (optional operation).
* The collection will be empty after this method returns.
*
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the <tt>clear</tt> operation
* is not supported by this collection
*/
void clear();
// Comparison and hashing
/**
* Compares the specified object with this collection for equality. <p>
*
* While the <tt>Collection</tt> interface adds no stipulations to the
* general contract for the <tt>Object.equals</tt>, programmers who
* implement the <tt>Collection</tt> interface "directly" (in other words,
* create a class that is a <tt>Collection</tt> but is not a <tt>Set</tt>
* or a <tt>List</tt>) must exercise care if they choose to override the
* <tt>Object.equals</tt>. It is not necessary to do so, and the simplest
* course of action is to rely on <tt>Object</tt>'s implementation, but
* the implementor may wish to implement a "value comparison" in place of
* the default "reference comparison." (The <tt>List</tt> and
* <tt>Set</tt> interfaces mandate such value comparisons.)<p>
*
* The general contract for the <tt>Object.equals</tt> method states that
* equals must be symmetric (in other words, <tt>a.equals(b)</tt> if and
* only if <tt>b.equals(a)</tt>). The contracts for <tt>List.equals</tt>
* and <tt>Set.equals</tt> state that lists are only equal to other lists,
* and sets to other sets. Thus, a custom <tt>equals</tt> method for a
* collection class that implements neither the <tt>List</tt> nor
* <tt>Set</tt> interface must return <tt>false</tt> when this collection
* is compared to any list or set. (By the same logic, it is not possible
* to write a class that correctly implements both the <tt>Set</tt> and
* <tt>List</tt> interfaces.)
*
* @param o object to be compared for equality with this collection
* @return <tt>true</tt> if the specified object is equal to this
* collection
*
* @see Object#equals(Object)
* @see Set#equals(Object)
* @see List#equals(Object)
*/
boolean equals(Object o);
/**
* Returns the hash code value for this collection. While the
* <tt>Collection</tt> interface adds no stipulations to the general
* contract for the <tt>Object.hashCode</tt> method, programmers should
* take note that any class that overrides the <tt>Object.equals</tt>
* method must also override the <tt>Object.hashCode</tt> method in order
* to satisfy the general contract for the <tt>Object.hashCode</tt> method.
* In particular, <tt>c1.equals(c2)</tt> implies that
* <tt>c1.hashCode()==c2.hashCode()</tt>.
*
* @return the hash code value for this collection
*
* @see Object#hashCode()
* @see Object#equals(Object)
*/
int hashCode();
/**
* Creates a {@link Spliterator} over the elements in this collection.
*
* Implementations should document characteristic values reported by the
* spliterator. Such characteristic values are not required to be reported
* if the spliterator reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED} and this collection
* contains no elements.
*
* <p>The default implementation should be overridden by subclasses that
* can return a more efficient spliterator. In order to
* preserve expected laziness behavior for the {@link #stream()} and
* {@link #parallelStream()}} methods, spliterators should either have the
* characteristic of {@code IMMUTABLE} or {@code CONCURRENT}, or be
* <em><a href="Spliterator.html#binding">late-binding</a></em>.
* If none of these is practical, the overriding class should describe the
* spliterator's documented policy of binding and structural interference,
* and should override the {@link #stream()} and {@link #parallelStream()}
* methods to create streams using a {@code Supplier} of the spliterator,
* as in:
* <pre>{@code
* Stream<E> s = StreamSupport.stream(() -> spliterator(), spliteratorCharacteristics)
* }</pre>
* <p>These requirements ensure that streams produced by the
* {@link #stream()} and {@link #parallelStream()} methods will reflect the
* contents of the collection as of initiation of the terminal stream
* operation.
*
* @implSpec
* The default implementation creates a
* <em><a href="Spliterator.html#binding">late-binding</a></em> spliterator
* from the collections's {@code Iterator}. The spliterator inherits the
* <em>fail-fast</em> properties of the collection's iterator.
* <p>
* The created {@code Spliterator} reports {@link Spliterator#SIZED}.
*
* @implNote
* The created {@code Spliterator} additionally reports
* {@link Spliterator#SUBSIZED}.
*
* <p>If a spliterator covers no elements then the reporting of additional
* characteristic values, beyond that of {@code SIZED} and {@code SUBSIZED},
* does not aid clients to control, specialize or simplify computation.
* However, this does enable shared use of an immutable and empty
* spliterator instance (see {@link Spliterators#emptySpliterator()}) for
* empty collections, and enables clients to determine if such a spliterator
* covers no elements.
*
* @return a {@code Spliterator} over the elements in this collection
* @since 1.8
*/
@Override
default Spliterator<E> spliterator() {
return Spliterators.spliterator(this, 0);
}
/**
* Returns a sequential {@code Stream} with this collection as its source.
*
* <p>This method should be overridden when the {@link #spliterator()}
* method cannot return a spliterator that is {@code IMMUTABLE},
* {@code CONCURRENT}, or <em>late-binding</em>. (See {@link #spliterator()}
* for details.)
*
* @implSpec
* The default implementation creates a sequential {@code Stream} from the
* collection's {@code Spliterator}.
*
* @return a sequential {@code Stream} over the elements in this collection
* @since 1.8
*/
default Stream<E> stream() {
return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), false);
}
/**
* Returns a possibly parallel {@code Stream} with this collection as its
* source. It is allowable for this method to return a sequential stream.
*
* <p>This method should be overridden when the {@link #spliterator()}
* method cannot return a spliterator that is {@code IMMUTABLE},
* {@code CONCURRENT}, or <em>late-binding</em>. (See {@link #spliterator()}
* for details.)
*
* @implSpec
* The default implementation creates a parallel {@code Stream} from the
* collection's {@code Spliterator}.
*
* @return a possibly parallel {@code Stream} over the elements in this
* collection
* @since 1.8
*/
default Stream<E> parallelStream() {
return StreamSupport.stream(spliterator(), true);
}
}
/*
* Copyright (c) 1997, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
* ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
*/
package java.util;
/**
* This class provides a skeletal implementation of the {@link List}
* interface to minimize the effort required to implement this interface
* backed by a "random access" data store (such as an array). For sequential
* access data (such as a linked list), {@link AbstractSequentialList} should
* be used in preference to this class.
*
* <p>To implement an unmodifiable list, the programmer needs only to extend
* this class and provide implementations for the {@link #get(int)} and
* {@link List#size() size()} methods.
*
* <p>To implement a modifiable list, the programmer must additionally
* override the {@link #set(int, Object) set(int, E)} method (which otherwise
* throws an {@code UnsupportedOperationException}). If the list is
* variable-size the programmer must additionally override the
* {@link #add(int, Object) add(int, E)} and {@link #remove(int)} methods.
*
* <p>The programmer should generally provide a void (no argument) and collection
* constructor, as per the recommendation in the {@link Collection} interface
* specification.
*
* <p>Unlike the other abstract collection implementations, the programmer does
* <i>not</i> have to provide an iterator implementation; the iterator and
* list iterator are implemented by this class, on top of the "random access"
* methods:
* {@link #get(int)},
* {@link #set(int, Object) set(int, E)},
* {@link #add(int, Object) add(int, E)} and
* {@link #remove(int)}.
*
* <p>The documentation for each non-abstract method in this class describes its
* implementation in detail. Each of these methods may be overridden if the
* collection being implemented admits a more efficient implementation.
*
* <p>This class is a member of the
* <a href="{@docRoot}/../technotes/guides/collections/index.html">
* Java Collections Framework</a>.
*
* @author Josh Bloch
* @author Neal Gafter
* @since 1.2
*/
public abstract class AbstractList<E> extends AbstractCollection<E> implements List<E> {
/**
* Sole constructor. (For invocation by subclass constructors, typically
* implicit.)
*/
protected AbstractList() {
}
/**
* Appends the specified element to the end of this list (optional
* operation).
*
* <p>Lists that support this operation may place limitations on what
* elements may be added to this list. In particular, some
* lists will refuse to add null elements, and others will impose
* restrictions on the type of elements that may be added. List
* classes should clearly specify in their documentation any restrictions
* on what elements may be added.
*
* <p>This implementation calls {@code add(size(), e)}.
*
* <p>Note that this implementation throws an
* {@code UnsupportedOperationException} unless
* {@link #add(int, Object) add(int, E)} is overridden.
*
* @param e element to be appended to this list
* @return {@code true} (as specified by {@link Collection#add})
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code add} operation
* is not supported by this list
* @throws ClassCastException if the class of the specified element
* prevents it from being added to this list
* @throws NullPointerException if the specified element is null and this
* list does not permit null elements
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if some property of this element
* prevents it from being added to this list
*/
public boolean add(E e) {
add(size(), e);
return true;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
abstract public E get(int index);
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* <p>This implementation always throws an
* {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
*
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E set(int index, E element) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* <p>This implementation always throws an
* {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
*
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public void add(int index, E element) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* <p>This implementation always throws an
* {@code UnsupportedOperationException}.
*
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public E remove(int index) {
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
// Search Operations
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* <p>This implementation first gets a list iterator (with
* {@code listIterator()}). Then, it iterates over the list until the
* specified element is found or the end of the list is reached.
*
* @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public int indexOf(Object o) {
ListIterator<E> it = listIterator();
if (o==null) {
while (it.hasNext())
if (it.next()==null)
return it.previousIndex();
} else {
while (it.hasNext())
if (o.equals(it.next()))
return it.previousIndex();
}
return -1;
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* <p>This implementation first gets a list iterator that points to the end
* of the list (with {@code listIterator(size())}). Then, it iterates
* backwards over the list until the specified element is found, or the
* beginning of the list is reached.
*
* @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public int lastIndexOf(Object o) {
ListIterator<E> it = listIterator(size());
if (o==null) {
while (it.hasPrevious())
if (it.previous()==null)
return it.nextIndex();
} else {
while (it.hasPrevious())
if (o.equals(it.previous()))
return it.nextIndex();
}
return -1;
}
// Bulk Operations
/**
* Removes all of the elements from this list (optional operation).
* The list will be empty after this call returns.
*
* <p>This implementation calls {@code removeRange(0, size())}.
*
* <p>Note that this implementation throws an
* {@code UnsupportedOperationException} unless {@code remove(int
* index)} or {@code removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex)} is
* overridden.
*
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException if the {@code clear} operation
* is not supported by this list
*/
public void clear() {
removeRange(0, size());
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* <p>This implementation gets an iterator over the specified collection
* and iterates over it, inserting the elements obtained from the
* iterator into this list at the appropriate position, one at a time,
* using {@code add(int, E)}.
* Many implementations will override this method for efficiency.
*
* <p>Note that this implementation throws an
* {@code UnsupportedOperationException} unless
* {@link #add(int, Object) add(int, E)} is overridden.
*
* @throws UnsupportedOperationException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws ClassCastException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws NullPointerException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException {@inheritDoc}
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
boolean modified = false;
for (E e : c) {
add(index++, e);
modified = true;
}
return modified;
}
// Iterators
/**
* Returns an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence.
*
* <p>This implementation returns a straightforward implementation of the
* iterator interface, relying on the backing list's {@code size()},
* {@code get(int)}, and {@code remove(int)} methods.
*
* <p>Note that the iterator returned by this method will throw an
* {@link UnsupportedOperationException} in response to its
* {@code remove} method unless the list's {@code remove(int)} method is
* overridden.
*
* <p>This implementation can be made to throw runtime exceptions in the
* face of concurrent modification, as described in the specification
* for the (protected) {@link #modCount} field.
*
* @return an iterator over the elements in this list in proper sequence
*/
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return new Itr();
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* <p>This implementation returns {@code listIterator(0)}.
*
* @see #listIterator(int)
*/
public ListIterator<E> listIterator() {
return listIterator(0);
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* <p>This implementation returns a straightforward implementation of the
* {@code ListIterator} interface that extends the implementation of the
* {@code Iterator} interface returned by the {@code iterator()} method.
* The {@code ListIterator} implementation relies on the backing list's
* {@code get(int)}, {@code set(int, E)}, {@code add(int, E)}
* and {@code remove(int)} methods.
*
* <p>Note that the list iterator returned by this implementation will
* throw an {@link UnsupportedOperationException} in response to its
* {@code remove}, {@code set} and {@code add} methods unless the
* list's {@code remove(int)}, {@code set(int, E)}, and
* {@code add(int, E)} methods are overridden.
*
* <p>This implementation can be made to throw runtime exceptions in the
* face of concurrent modification, as described in the specification for
* the (protected) {@link #modCount} field.
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc}
*/
public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
return new ListItr(index);
}
private class Itr implements Iterator<E> {
/**
* Index of element to be returned by subsequent call to next.
*/
int cursor = 0;
/**
* Index of element returned by most recent call to next or
* previous. Reset to -1 if this element is deleted by a call
* to remove.
*/
int lastRet = -1;
/**
* The modCount value that the iterator believes that the backing
* List should have. If this expectation is violated, the iterator
* has detected concurrent modification.
*/
int expectedModCount = modCount;
public boolean hasNext() {
return cursor != size();
}
public E next() {
checkForComodification();
try {
int i = cursor;
E next = get(i);
lastRet = i;
cursor = i + 1;
return next;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
checkForComodification();
throw new NoSuchElementException();
}
}
public void remove() {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
try {
AbstractList.this.remove(lastRet);
if (lastRet < cursor)
cursor--;
lastRet = -1;
expectedModCount = modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
final void checkForComodification() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
private class ListItr extends Itr implements ListIterator<E> {
ListItr(int index) {
cursor = index;
}
public boolean hasPrevious() {
return cursor != 0;
}
public E previous() {
checkForComodification();
try {
int i = cursor - 1;
E previous = get(i);
lastRet = cursor = i;
return previous;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
checkForComodification();
throw new NoSuchElementException();
}
}
public int nextIndex() {
return cursor;
}
public int previousIndex() {
return cursor-1;
}
public void set(E e) {
if (lastRet < 0)
throw new IllegalStateException();
checkForComodification();
try {
AbstractList.this.set(lastRet, e);
expectedModCount = modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
public void add(E e) {
checkForComodification();
try {
int i = cursor;
AbstractList.this.add(i, e);
lastRet = -1;
cursor = i + 1;
expectedModCount = modCount;
} catch (IndexOutOfBoundsException ex) {
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
}
/**
* {@inheritDoc}
*
* <p>This implementation returns a list that subclasses
* {@code AbstractList}. The subclass stores, in private fields, the
* offset of the subList within the backing list, the size of the subList
* (which can change over its lifetime), and the expected
* {@code modCount} value of the backing list. There are two variants
* of the subclass, one of which implements {@code RandomAccess}.
* If this list implements {@code RandomAccess} the returned list will
* be an instance of the subclass that implements {@code RandomAccess}.
*
* <p>The subclass's {@code set(int, E)}, {@code get(int)},
* {@code add(int, E)}, {@code remove(int)}, {@code addAll(int,
* Collection)} and {@code removeRange(int, int)} methods all
* delegate to the corresponding methods on the backing abstract list,
* after bounds-checking the index and adjusting for the offset. The
* {@code addAll(Collection c)} method merely returns {@code addAll(size,
* c)}.
*
* <p>The {@code listIterator(int)} method returns a "wrapper object"
* over a list iterator on the backing list, which is created with the
* corresponding method on the backing list. The {@code iterator} method
* merely returns {@code listIterator()}, and the {@code size} method
* merely returns the subclass's {@code size} field.
*
* <p>All methods first check to see if the actual {@code modCount} of
* the backing list is equal to its expected value, and throw a
* {@code ConcurrentModificationException} if it is not.
*
* @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if an endpoint index value is out of range
* {@code (fromIndex < 0 || toIndex > size)}
* @throws IllegalArgumentException if the endpoint indices are out of order
* {@code (fromIndex > toIndex)}
*/
public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
return (this instanceof RandomAccess ?
new RandomAccessSubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex) :
new SubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex));
}
// Comparison and hashing
/**
* Compares the specified object with this list for equality. Returns
* {@code true} if and only if the specified object is also a list, both
* lists have the same size, and all corresponding pairs of elements in
* the two lists are <i>equal</i>. (Two elements {@code e1} and
* {@code e2} are <i>equal</i> if {@code (e1==null ? e2==null :
* e1.equals(e2))}.) In other words, two lists are defined to be
* equal if they contain the same elements in the same order.<p>
*
* This implementation first checks if the specified object is this
* list. If so, it returns {@code true}; if not, it checks if the
* specified object is a list. If not, it returns {@code false}; if so,
* it iterates over both lists, comparing corresponding pairs of elements.
* If any comparison returns {@code false}, this method returns
* {@code false}. If either iterator runs out of elements before the
* other it returns {@code false} (as the lists are of unequal length);
* otherwise it returns {@code true} when the iterations complete.
*
* @param o the object to be compared for equality with this list
* @return {@code true} if the specified object is equal to this list
*/
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (o == this)
return true;
if (!(o instanceof List))
return false;
ListIterator<E> e1 = listIterator();
ListIterator<?> e2 = ((List<?>) o).listIterator();
while (e1.hasNext() && e2.hasNext()) {
E o1 = e1.next();
Object o2 = e2.next();
if (!(o1==null ? o2==null : o1.equals(o2)))
return false;
}
return !(e1.hasNext() || e2.hasNext());
}
/**
* Returns the hash code value for this list.
*
* <p>This implementation uses exactly the code that is used to define the
* list hash function in the documentation for the {@link List#hashCode}
* method.
*
* @return the hash code value for this list
*/
public int hashCode() {
int hashCode = 1;
for (E e : this)
hashCode = 31*hashCode + (e==null ? 0 : e.hashCode());
return hashCode;
}
/**
* Removes from this list all of the elements whose index is between
* {@code fromIndex}, inclusive, and {@code toIndex}, exclusive.
* Shifts any succeeding elements to the left (reduces their index).
* This call shortens the list by {@code (toIndex - fromIndex)} elements.
* (If {@code toIndex==fromIndex}, this operation has no effect.)
*
* <p>This method is called by the {@code clear} operation on this list
* and its subLists. Overriding this method to take advantage of
* the internals of the list implementation can <i>substantially</i>
* improve the performance of the {@code clear} operation on this list
* and its subLists.
*
* <p>This implementation gets a list iterator positioned before
* {@code fromIndex}, and repeatedly calls {@code ListIterator.next}
* followed by {@code ListIterator.remove} until the entire range has
* been removed. <b>Note: if {@code ListIterator.remove} requires linear
* time, this implementation requires quadratic time.</b>
*
* @param fromIndex index of first element to be removed
* @param toIndex index after last element to be removed
*/
protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
ListIterator<E> it = listIterator(fromIndex);
for (int i=0, n=toIndex-fromIndex; i<n; i++) {
it.next();
it.remove();
}
}
/**
* The number of times this list has been <i>structurally modified</i>.
* Structural modifications are those that change the size of the
* list, or otherwise perturb it in such a fashion that iterations in
* progress may yield incorrect results.
*
* <p>This field is used by the iterator and list iterator implementation
* returned by the {@code iterator} and {@code listIterator} methods.
* If the value of this field changes unexpectedly, the iterator (or list
* iterator) will throw a {@code ConcurrentModificationException} in
* response to the {@code next}, {@code remove}, {@code previous},
* {@code set} or {@code add} operations. This provides
* <i>fail-fast</i> behavior, rather than non-deterministic behavior in
* the face of concurrent modification during iteration.
*
* <p><b>Use of this field by subclasses is optional.</b> If a subclass
* wishes to provide fail-fast iterators (and list iterators), then it
* merely has to increment this field in its {@code add(int, E)} and
* {@code remove(int)} methods (and any other methods that it overrides
* that result in structural modifications to the list). A single call to
* {@code add(int, E)} or {@code remove(int)} must add no more than
* one to this field, or the iterators (and list iterators) will throw
* bogus {@code ConcurrentModificationExceptions}. If an implementation
* does not wish to provide fail-fast iterators, this field may be
* ignored.
*/
protected transient int modCount = 0;
private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index > size())
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size();
}
}
class SubList<E> extends AbstractList<E> {
private final AbstractList<E> l;
private final int offset;
private int size;
SubList(AbstractList<E> list, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
if (fromIndex < 0)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("fromIndex = " + fromIndex);
if (toIndex > list.size())
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException("toIndex = " + toIndex);
if (fromIndex > toIndex)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("fromIndex(" + fromIndex +
") > toIndex(" + toIndex + ")");
l = list;
offset = fromIndex;
size = toIndex - fromIndex;
this.modCount = l.modCount;
}
public E set(int index, E element) {
rangeCheck(index);
checkForComodification();
return l.set(index+offset, element);
}
public E get(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
checkForComodification();
return l.get(index+offset);
}
public int size() {
checkForComodification();
return size;
}
public void add(int index, E element) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
checkForComodification();
l.add(index+offset, element);
this.modCount = l.modCount;
size++;
}
public E remove(int index) {
rangeCheck(index);
checkForComodification();
E result = l.remove(index+offset);
this.modCount = l.modCount;
size--;
return result;
}
protected void removeRange(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
checkForComodification();
l.removeRange(fromIndex+offset, toIndex+offset);
this.modCount = l.modCount;
size -= (toIndex-fromIndex);
}
public boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c) {
return addAll(size, c);
}
public boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c) {
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
int cSize = c.size();
if (cSize==0)
return false;
checkForComodification();
l.addAll(offset+index, c);
this.modCount = l.modCount;
size += cSize;
return true;
}
public Iterator<E> iterator() {
return listIterator();
}
public ListIterator<E> listIterator(final int index) {
checkForComodification();
rangeCheckForAdd(index);
return new ListIterator<E>() {
private final ListIterator<E> i = l.listIterator(index+offset);
public boolean hasNext() {
return nextIndex() < size;
}
public E next() {
if (hasNext())
return i.next();
else
throw new NoSuchElementException();
}
public boolean hasPrevious() {
return previousIndex() >= 0;
}
public E previous() {
if (hasPrevious())
return i.previous();
else
throw new NoSuchElementException();
}
public int nextIndex() {
return i.nextIndex() - offset;
}
public int previousIndex() {
return i.previousIndex() - offset;
}
public void remove() {
i.remove();
SubList.this.modCount = l.modCount;
size--;
}
public void set(E e) {
i.set(e);
}
public void add(E e) {
i.add(e);
SubList.this.modCount = l.modCount;
size++;
}
};
}
public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
return new SubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex);
}
private void rangeCheck(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index >= size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
private void rangeCheckForAdd(int index) {
if (index < 0 || index > size)
throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(outOfBoundsMsg(index));
}
private String outOfBoundsMsg(int index) {
return "Index: "+index+", Size: "+size;
}
private void checkForComodification() {
if (this.modCount != l.modCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
}
}
class RandomAccessSubList<E> extends SubList<E> implements RandomAccess {
RandomAccessSubList(AbstractList<E> list, int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
super(list, fromIndex, toIndex);
}
public List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex) {
return new RandomAccessSubList<>(this, fromIndex, toIndex);
}
}
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