1、每12小时备份并压缩/etc/目录至/backup目录中，保存文件名称格式为，“etc-年-月-日-时-分.tar.gz”
~]# mkdir /backup
在/root目录下创建备份命令脚本：
vim backup-ect.cron
#!/bin/bash
#
tar -zcf /backup/etc-$(date +%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M).tar.gz /etc/
:wq
chmod a+x /root/backup-ect.cron
crontab -e
SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
# For details see man 4 crontabs
# Example of job definition:
# .---------------- minute (0 - 59)
# | .------------- hour (0 - 23)
# | | .---------- day of month (1 - 31)
# | | | .------- month (1 - 12) OR jan,feb,mar,apr ...
# | | | | .---- day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 or 7) OR sun,mon,tue,wed,thu,fri,sat
# | | | | |
# * * * * * command to be executed
* */12 * * * /bin/bash /root/backup-etc.cron
:wq
conrtab -l
cat /var/spool/cron/USERNAME
2、rpm包管理功能总结以及实例应用演示。
安装、升级、卸载、查询和校验、数据库维护
rpm命令：rpm [OPTIONS] [PACKAGE_FILE]
安装：-i, --install
升级：-U, --update, -F, --freshen
卸载：-e, --erase
查询：-q, --query
校验：-V, --verify
数据库维护：–builddb, --initdb
安装：
rpm -ivh PACKAGE_FILE …
~]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-5.0.2-31.el7 ################################# [100%]
卸载：
~]# rpm -evh zsh
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Cleaning up / removing...
1:zsh-5.0.2-31.el7 ################################# [100%]
升级：
~]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64 is already installed
查询：
rpm {-q|–query} [select-options] [query-options]
[select-options]
PACKAGE_NAME：查询指定的程序包是否已经安装，及其版本；
-a, --all：查询所有已经安装过的包；
-f FILE：查询指定的文件由哪个程序包安装生成；
-p, --package PACKAGE_FILE：用于实现对未安装的程序包执行查询操作；
--whatprovides CAPABILITY：查询指定的CAPABILITY由哪个程序包提供；
--whatrequires CAPABILITY：查询指定的CAPABILITY被哪个包所依赖；
[query-options]
–changelog：查询rpm包的changlog；
-l, --list：程序安装生成的所有文件列表；
-i, --info：程序包相关的信息，版本号、大小、所属的包组，等；
-c, --configfiles：查询指定的程序包提供的配置文件；
-d, --docfiles：查询指定的程序包提供的文档；
–provides：列出指定的程序包提供的所有的CAPABILITY；
-R, --requires：查询指定的程序包的依赖关系；
–scripts：查看程序包自带的脚本片断；
例1：
查询/bin/zsh由哪个程序包安装
~]# rpm -qf /bin/zsh
zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64
查询/usr/bin/find由哪个程序包安装
~]# rpm -qf /usr/bin/find
findutils-4.5.11-6.el7.x86_64
例2：
查询zsh程序包的相关信息
~]# rpm -qi zsh
Name : zsh
Version : 5.0.2
Release : 31.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Sun 03 Mar 2019 10:00:10 PM CST
Group : System Environment/Shells
Size : 5854390
License : MIT
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Mon 12 Nov 2018 10:49:55 PM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.src.rpm
Build Date : Wed 31 Oct 2018 12:48:17 AM CST
Build Host : x86-01.bsys.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor : CentOS
URL : http://zsh.sourceforge.net/
Summary : Powerful interactive shell
Description :
The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login
shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh
shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports
command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable
command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history
mechanism, and more.
例3：
查看zsh程序包安装后所生成的文件信息：
~]# rpm -ql zsh
/bin/zsh
/etc/skel/.zshrc
/etc/zlogin
/etc/zlogout
/etc/zprofile
/etc/zshenv
/etc/zshrc
...
/usr/lib64/zsh
/usr/lib64/zsh/5.0.2
/usr/lib64/zsh/5.0.2/zsh
...
/usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2
/usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/BUGS
/usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/CONTRIBUTORS
/usr/share/info/zsh.info-1.gz
/usr/share/info/zsh.info-2.gz
...
/usr/share/man/man1/zsh.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zshall.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zshbuiltins.1.gz
...
/usr/share/zsh
/usr/share/zsh/5.0.2
/usr/share/zsh/5.0.2/functions
/usr/share/zsh/5.0.2/functions/VCS_INFO_adjust
...
/usr/share/zsh/site-functions
例4：
查看未安装的rpm程序包信息，通过选项p实现：
（1）查看程序包信息：
~]# rpm -qpi zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm
Name : zsh
Version : 5.0.2
Release : 31.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: (not installed)
Group : System Environment/Shells
Size : 5854390
License : MIT
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Mon 12 Nov 2018 10:49:55 PM CST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.src.rpm
Build Date : Wed 31 Oct 2018 12:48:17 AM CST
Build Host : x86-01.bsys.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor : CentOS
URL : http://zsh.sourceforge.net/
Summary : Powerful interactive shell
Description :
The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login
shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh
shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports
command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable
command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history
mechanism, and more.
（2）查看程序包安装后所生成的文件：
~]# rpm -qpl zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm
/bin/zsh
/etc/skel/.zshrc
/etc/zlogin
/etc/zlogout
/etc/zprofile
/etc/zshenv
/etc/zshrc
...
/usr/lib64/zsh
/usr/lib64/zsh/5.0.2
/usr/lib64/zsh/5.0.2/zsh
...
/usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2
/usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/BUGS
/usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/CONTRIBUTORS
/usr/share/info/zsh.info-1.gz
/usr/share/info/zsh.info-2.gz
...
/usr/share/man/man1/zsh.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zshall.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zshbuiltins.1.gz
...
/usr/share/zsh
/usr/share/zsh/5.0.2
/usr/share/zsh/5.0.2/functions
/usr/share/zsh/5.0.2/functions/VCS_INFO_adjust
...
/usr/share/zsh/site-functions
例5：查看程序包的依赖关系：
~]# rpm -qpR zsh-5.0.2-31.el7.x86_64.rpm
/bin/sh
/bin/sh
/bin/sh
/bin/sh
/bin/zsh
/sbin/install-info
/sbin/install-info
config(zsh) = 5.0.2-31.el7
coreutils
grep
grep
libc.so.6()(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.11)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.15)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.3.4)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.4)(64bit)
libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.7)(64bit)
libdl.so.2()(64bit)
libdl.so.2(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
libm.so.6()(64bit)
libm.so.6(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
libncursesw.so.5()(64bit)
librt.so.1()(64bit)
librt.so.1(GLIBC_2.2.5)(64bit)
libtinfo.so.5()(64bit)
rpmlib(CompressedFileNames) <= 3.0.4-1
rpmlib(FileDigests) <= 4.6.0-1
rpmlib(PayloadFilesHavePrefix) <= 4.0-1
rtld(GNU_HASH)
rpmlib(PayloadIsXz) <= 5.2-1
3、yum的配置和使用总结以及yum私有仓库的创建。
例1：通过yum工具安装tree程序包
~]# yum -y install tree
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=============================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================================
Installing:
tree x86_64 1.6.0-10.el7 base 46 k
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 46 k
Installed size: 87 k
Downloading packages:
tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64.rpm | 46 kB 00:00:00
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7
Complete!
例2：通过yum工具卸载程序包
~]# yum -y remove tree
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
=============================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================================
Removing:
tree x86_64 1.6.0-10.el7 @base 87 k
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================================
Remove 1 Package
Installed size: 87 k
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Erasing : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : tree-1.6.0-10.el7.x86_64 1/1
Removed:
tree.x86_64 0:1.6.0-10.el7
Complete!
例3：查看程序包信息
~]# yum info tree
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
Available Packages
Name : tree
Arch : x86_64
Version : 1.6.0
Release : 10.el7
Size : 46 k
Repo : base/7/x86_64
Summary : File system tree viewer
URL : http://mama.indstate.edu/users/ice/tree/
License : GPLv2+
Description : The tree utility recursively displays the contents of directories in a
: tree-like format. Tree is basically a UNIX port of the DOS tree
: utility.
例4：查看程序包依赖关系
~]# yum deplist tcpdump
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: mirrors.163.com
* extras: mirrors.aliyun.com
* updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
package: tcpdump.x86_64 14:4.9.2-3.el7
dependency: /bin/sh
provider: bash.x86_64 4.2.46-31.el7
dependency: libc.so.6(GLIBC_2.14)(64bit)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-260.el7_6.3
dependency: libcap-ng.so.0()(64bit)
provider: libcap-ng.x86_64 0.7.5-4.el7
dependency: libcrypto.so.10()(64bit)
provider: openssl-libs.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-16.el7
dependency: libcrypto.so.10(OPENSSL_1.0.2)(64bit)
provider: openssl-libs.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-16.el7
dependency: libcrypto.so.10(libcrypto.so.10)(64bit)
provider: openssl-libs.x86_64 1:1.0.2k-16.el7
dependency: libpcap >= 14:1.5.3-10
provider: libpcap.x86_64 14:1.5.3-11.el7
provider: libpcap.i686 14:1.5.3-11.el7
dependency: libpcap.so.1()(64bit)
provider: libpcap.x86_64 14:1.5.3-11.el7
dependency: rtld(GNU_HASH)
provider: glibc.x86_64 2.17-260.el7_6.3
provider: glibc.i686 2.17-260.el7_6.3
dependency: shadow-utils
provider: shadow-utils.x86_64 2:4.1.5.1-25.el7
4、写一个脚本实现列出以下菜单给用户：
（1）disk：show disk info信息
（2）mem: show memory info信息
（3）cpu: show cpu info信息
（*）quit
#!/bin/bash
#
cat << EOF
disk) show disks info
mem) show memory info
cpu) show cpu info
*) quit
EOF
read -p "Your choice: " option
if [[ "$option" == "disk" ]]; then
fdisk -l /dev/[sh]d[a-z]
elif [[ "$option" == "mem" ]]; then
free -m
elif [[ "$option" == "cpu" ]];then
lscpu
else
echo "Unkown option."
exit 3
fi
5、sed用法总结并结合实例演示
sed [OPTION]… ‘script’ [input-file] …
script：
地址定界编辑命令
常用选项：
-n：不输出模式空间中的内容至屏幕；
-e script, --expression=script：多点编辑；
-f /PATH/TO/SED_SCRIPT_FILE
每行一个编辑命令；
-r, --regexp-extended：支持使用扩展正则表达式；
-i[SUFFIX], --in-place[=SUFFIX]：直接编辑原文件 ；
~]# sed -e 's@^#[[:space:]]*@@' -e '/^UUID/d' /etc/fstab
地址定界：
(1) 空地址：对全文进行处理；
(2) 单地址：
#：指定行；
/pattern/：被此模式所匹配到的每一行；
(3) 地址范围
#,#：
#,+#：
#，/pat1/
/pat1/,/pat2/
$：最后一行；
(4) 步进：~
1~2：所有奇数行
2~2：所有偶数行
编辑命令：
d：删除；
p：显示模式空间中的内容；
a \text：在行后面追加文本“text”，支持使用\n实现多行追加；
i \text：在行前面插入文本“text”，支持使用\n实现多行插入；
c \text：把匹配到的行替换为此处指定的文本“text”；
w /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE：保存模式空间匹配到的行至指定的文件中；
r /PATH/FROM/SOMEFILE：读取指定文件的内容至当前文件被模式匹配到的行后面；文件合并；
=：为模式匹配到的行打印行号；
!：条件取反；
地址定界!编辑命令；
s///：查找替换，其分隔符可自行指定，常用的有s@@@, s###等；
替换标记：
g：全局替换；
w /PATH/TO/SOMEFILE：将替换成功的结果保存至指定文件中；
p：显示替换成功的行；
练习1：删除/boot/grub/grub2.cfg文件中所有以空白字符开头的行的行首的所有空白字符；
~]# sed 's@^[[:space:]]\+@@' /etc/grub2.cfg
练习2：删除/etc/fstab文件中所有以#开头的行的行首的#号及#后面的所有空白字符；
~]# sed 's@^#[[:space:]]*@@' /etc/fstab
练习3：输出一个绝对路径给sed命令，取出其目录，其行为类似于dirname；
~]# echo "/var/log/messages/" | sed 's@[^/]\+/\?$@@'
~]# echo "/var/log/messages" | sed -r 's@[^/]+/?$@@'
高级编辑命令：
h：把模式空间中的内容覆盖至保持空间中；
H：把模式空间中的内容追加至保持空间中；
g：把保持空间中的内容覆盖至模式空间中；
G：把保持空间中的内容追加至模式空间中；
x：把模式空间中的内容与保持空间中的内容互换；
n：覆盖读取匹配到的行的下一行至模式空间中；
N：追加读取匹配到的行的下一行至模式空间中；
d：删除模式空间中的行；
D：删除多行模式空间中的所有行；
示例：
sed -n 'n;p' FILE：显示偶数行；
sed '1!G;h;$!d' FILE：逆序显示文件的内容；
sed ’$!d' FILE：取出最后一行；
sed '$!N;$!D' FILE：取出文件后两行；
sed '/^$/d;G' FILE：删除原有的所有空白行，而后为所有的非空白行后添加一个空白行；
sed 'n;d' FILE：显示奇数行；
sed 'G' FILE：在原有的每行后方添加一个空白行；
6、 用bash实现统计访问日志文件中状态码大于等于400的IP数量并排序
7、 使用自制的yum源安装ftp、openssh、curl、wget、tcpdump等软件包
（1）挂载光盘，创建本地仓库
~]# mount -r /dev/sr0 /media/cdrom/
~]# cp -r /media/cdrom/Packages/ /tmp/yum/
~]# createrepo /tmp/yum/Packages/
~]# vim /etc/yum.repos.d/local.repo
[local]
name=local repo
baseurl=file:///tmp/yum/packages/Packages/
gpgcheck=0
~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
local local repo 4,021
repolist: 4,021
~]# yum -y install httpd
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-88.el7.centos will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
===========================================================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===========================================================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
httpd x86_64 2.4.6-88.el7.centos local 2.7 M
Transaction Summary
===========================================================================================================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 2.7 M
Installed size: 9.4 M
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Installing : httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Verifying : httpd-2.4.6-88.el7.centos.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
httpd.x86_64 0:2.4.6-88.el7.centos
Complete!
扫一扫
2863
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
