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Unit 5  Computer Networks

5.1 Internet

（段落01-共4句）

Many networks exist in the world, often with different hardware and software.

世界上有很多网络，它们常具有不同的硬件和软件。

People connected to one network often want to communicate with people attached to a different one.

在一个网络中的人经常想和另一个不同网络中的人通信。

This desire requires connecting together different, and frequently incompatible networks, sometimes by using machines called gateways to make the connection and provide the necessary translation, both in terms of hardware and software.

这种愿望需要连接不同的、经常不兼容的网络，有时候在硬件和软件方面通过一种叫做网关的机器进行连接和提供必要的转换。

 A collection of interconnected networks is called an internetwork or just Internet.

相互连接的网络集合称为互联网络，或者简称为因特网

（段落02-共2句）

A common form of Internet is a collection of LANs connected by a WAN.

因特网的常见形式是一组用广域网连接的局域网

The Internet ( note uppercase I) means a specific worldwide internet that is widely used to connect universities，government offices，companies ,and of late ,private individuals.

因特网（注意大写字母I）是指一个特定的世界范围的互联网络，该网络广泛用于连接学校、政府机关、公司，近来也包括私人用户。

（段落03-共3句）

 By 1995，there were multiple backbones, hundreds of mid-level (i. e. regional) networks, tens of thousands of LANs, millions of hosts, and tens of millions of users.

截止到1995年，已经有了多个骨干网、数百个中等（如：区域）网络、成千上万个LAN、几百万台主机和数千万个用户。

The size doubles approximately（[əˈprɒksɪmətli] 大概） every year.

这个规模将近每年翻一翻。

Much of the growth comes from connecting existing networks to the Internet.

快速增长源于将现存网络连接到因特网。

（段落04-共2句）

The glue that holds the Internet together is the TCP/IP reference model and TCP/IP protocol stack.

将因特网粘结在一起的是TCP/IP参考模型和TCP/IP协议栈。

TCP/IP makes universal service possible and can be compared to the telephone system or the adoption of standard gauge （ [ɡeɪdʒ]尺度，标准）by the railroads in the 19th century.

standard gauge 标准轨距

TCP/IP使通用服务成为可能，它可比作19世纪的电话系统或者铁路采用的标准轨距。

（段落05-共7句）

The Internet is a vast global community of real people who constantly generate more unadulterated（[ˌʌnəˈdʌltəreɪtɪd] 纯粹的） stuff（[stʌf]素材资料） on more topics than you could ever read in your lifetime.

因特网是现实世界中人们的巨大的全球性社区，人们在众多主题上不断推出的有价值的资料是你一辈子也读不完的。

If you haven't tapped into the net yet, here's what you're missing:

tap into 开发、利用

如果你还不曾上网，你将错过：

1. mail. Let you send messages to Russia,Japan and so on.

Email：让你能够向俄国、日本或者其他国家发送消息；

File Transfer Protocol (FTP). Download files free of charge from thousands of computers around the globe.

文件传输协议（FTP）：从全球范围内数千台主机上免费下载文件；

Usenet newsgroups. More banter（[ˈbæntə(r)]玩笑） ,blather（[ˈblæðə(r)]废话），and nuggets（[ˈnʌgɪt]块） of wisdom than you'll ever be able to read on everything from archery（[ˈɑ:tʃəri]射箭术） to stock.

网络新闻组：其内容比你从射箭术到股票行情所能读到的一切更有趣、更热闹和更多智慧；

The World Wide Web ( WWW). A fast-growing global network of graphical electronic documents you can browse，interact with, and even create yourself.

万维网（WWW）：一个快速增长的图形电子文档全球网，你可以浏览其图形电子文档，与之交互，甚至可以创建自己的文档；

New technologies. Global chat, video conferencing, fax, free international phone calls and more.

新技术：全球聊天、视频会议、传真、免费网络电话等。

（段落06-共2句）

The World Wide Web

万维网

The World Wide Web is an architectural framework for accessing linked documents spread out over thousands of machines all over the Internet.

万维网是一个可以访问带连接的文档的体系结构框架，这些文档分布在整个因特网上的数千台主机上。

Since the Web is basically a client-server system, we discuss both the client (i.e. user) side and the server side.

因为Web基本上是一个客户-服务器系统，所以我们同时讨论客户端（即用户）和服务器端。

（段落07-共8句）

The Client Side

客户端

From the users' point of view, the Web consists of a vast, worldwide collection of documents, usually just called pages for short.

在用户看来，Web由巨大的，世界范围的文档集合构成，通常这些文档可简称为页面。

Each page may contain links ( pointers) to other,related pages ,anywhere in the world.

每一个页面可以包含指向世界上任何地方的其他相关页面的连接（指针）。

Users can follow a link (e. g., by clicking on it) which then takes them to the page pointed to.

用户可以跟随一个连接（通过点击它），这个连接然后可以将用户带到它指向的页面。

This process can be repeated indefinitely（[ɪnˈdefɪnətli]无限地）, possibly traversing ([trəˈvɜːsɪŋ]穿越) hundreds of linked pages while doing so.

这个过程可以无限制地重复，当这样做时，可能会遍历数百个相连接的页面。

Pages that point to other pages are said to use hypertext.

指向其他页面的那些页面通常被称为使用“超文本”。

are said to 据说是

Web pages can combine color desktop publishing，hypertext linking，interactive scripting ,sound, video ,and even virtual reality.

Web页面能够整合彩色桌面出版、超文本连接、交互式文稿、声音、视频，甚至虚拟现实等。

When hypertext pages are mixed with other media,the result is called hypermedia.

当超文本页面混合了其他媒体，我们就称之为超媒体。

Pages are viewed with a browser.

页面用浏览器查看。

（段落08-共6句）

The Server Side

服务器端

Every Web site has a server process listening to TCP port 80 for incoming connections from clients (normally browsers).

每一个Web站点有一个服务器进程监听TCP 80号端口，用于接受来自客户端（通常是浏览器）的连接。

After a connection has been established, the client sends one request and the server sends one reply.

连接建立以后，客户发送请求，服务器给出响应，

Then the connection is released.

然后释放连接。

The protocol that defines the legal requests and replies is called HTTP.

HTTP：hypertext transfer protocol，超文本传输协议

HTTPS：Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol，安全超文本传输协议

定义合法请求和回复的协议称为HTTP。

A simple example using it may provide a reasonable idea of how Web servers work.

一个简单的实例能够很好的解释Web服务器是如何工作的

Figure 5-1 shows how the various parts of the Web model fit together.

图5-1展示了Web模型的不同部分如何配合一起工作的。

（段落09-共4句）

Surfing the Web

网上冲浪

Once your Web browser is open and you are connected to the Internet, the page currently designated（['dezɪɡneɪtɪd]指定）as your browser's starting page or home page will be displayed within the browser window.

一旦你打开Web浏览器并连接上Internet，浏览器窗口将显示当前被指定为你的浏览器的开始页面或者主页。

(Usually this page is the home page for your browser's, school's, or ISP's Web site, but it can usually be changed to any page using your browser's Options or Preferences dialog box. )

（通常，该页面就是你的浏览器的、学校的或者ISP站点的主页，但是通常可以通过浏览器的选项或是偏好对话框改变主页）。

All browsers have navigational tools to help you move forward or backward through the pages viewed in your current Internet session（会话）, as well as buttons or menu options to print Web pages when necessary.

所有浏览器都有导航工具帮助你在当前的因特网会话期查看的页面之间前进或者后退，以及必要的时候通过按钮或者菜单选项打印Web页面。

Figure 5-2 illustrates the most common components of the Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator browsers.

图5-2给出了微软IE浏览器和网景浏览器最常见的成分。

（段落10-共12句）

Using URLs and Hyperlinks

使用URL和超链接

To change from the starting Web page to a new Web page, you can type the appropriate URL in the browser's address bar or location bar and press Enter.

为了从开始Web页面改变到新的Web页面，你可以在浏览器地址栏或者定位栏键入相应的URL，然后按回车键。

You can either edit the existing URL or delete it and type a new one.

Be sure to match the spelling, capitalization,and punctuation（[ˌpʌŋktʃuˈeɪʃn] 标点符号） exactly.

你可以编辑现有的URL，或者也可以删除它再键入一个新的URL。要确保准确匹配拼写、大小写和标点符号。

 If you don't know the appropriate URL to type, you can search for an appropriate page, as discussed shortly.

如果你不知道要键入的URL，你可以搜寻一个适当的网页，如不久将要讨论的。

If there is a hyperlink displayed for the page you would like to go to, simply click on the link.

如果有一个你想要访问的页面的超链显示，点击它即可。

 Remember, hyperlinks can be either text or image based.

记住，超链既可以是文本，也可以是图像，

========================

 If you are not sure if something on a page is a link or not, rest the mouse pointer on it for a moment.

如果你不能确信页面上的某个东西是否是一个超链，将鼠标指针在它上面停留一下，

 If it is a hyperlink, the pointer should change to indicate that it is a link.

如果它是超链，鼠标指针将改变，以表明它是一个超链。

The URL for the new page is also displayed on the browser's status bar.

新页面的URL也会显示在浏览器的状态栏上

Once you click the hyperlink, the appropriate page is displayed.

一旦你点击了超链接，对应的页面就会显示。

To return to a previous page, click the Back button on your browser's toolbar.

要返回前一个页面，点击浏览器工具栏上的后退按钮。

To print the current Web page, use the browser's Print button or select Print from the browser 's File menu.

要打印当前Web页面，使用浏览器打印按钮或者从浏览器文件菜单中选择打印。

（段落11-共3句）

Things You May Encounter on a Web Page

你可能在网页上遇到的东西

You will encounter（[ɪnˈkaʊntə(r)]遇到） a variety of different objects on Web pages as you explore the Word Wide Web.

意译

当你浏览万维网时，你将遇到Web页面上多种不同类型的对象。尽管我们在这里不能深入的讨论各种可能的Web页面成分，但熟悉这些最常见的成分是有益的。

Though we can't go into an in-depth discussion on the various possible Web-page components here, it is good to be familiar with the most common ones so you’ll know how to deal with them as you encounter them.

这样你在遇到它们的时候就知道如何处理它们。

Some common things you may run into are illustrated（['ɪləstreɪtɪd]用示例、图画等） in Figure 5-3.

图5-3给出了你可能会碰到的一些常见东西。