django signal使用及源码浅析

django signal使用及源码浅析

一、使用

1.settings设置

INSTALLED_APPS = {
	'settings.signals.SignalConfig',
}
#初始化app配置
#调用app下面的类

2.settings.signal.py预先加载

from django.apps import AppConfig
from django.db.models.signals import post_save
class SignalConfig(AppConfig):
    name = 'signal'
    
    def ready(self):
        from app.signals import test_post_save_actions
        post_save.connect(test_post_save_actions, sender='app.Test')
        # post_save是django提供的一种信号，在对象创建或更新后调用此信号  
        # sender为APP_label+Model_name

或者使用装饰器绑定方式

from django.dispatch import receiver
@receiver(post_save, sender="app.Test")
def my_signal_handler(sender, **kwargs):

3.app.signals.py具体实现

def job_post_save_actions(sender, instance, **kwargs):
    """
    Create UserJobRole after a Job is created.
    """
    if kwargs['created']:
    	#sender对象创建后自己想调用的方法或实现的功能
    或者：
    if kwargs['update_fields']:
    	#sender对象更新后自己想调用的方法或实现的功能

4.总结

当运行django时，执行settings.signal.py中的SignalConfig部分，将connect的函数test_post_save_actions注册，等Test的model对象保存时再发送信号，调用对应的函数。

二、源码分析

1.connect源码

class ModelSignal(Signal):
    """
    Signal subclass that allows the sender to be lazily specified as a string
    of the `app_label.ModelName` form.
    """
    def _lazy_method(self, method, apps, receiver, sender, **kwargs):
        from django.db.models.options import Options

        # This partial takes a single optional argument named "sender".
        partial_method = partial(method, receiver, **kwargs)
        #partial_method:functools.partial(<bound method Signal.connect of  
        # <django.db.models.signals.ModelSignal object at 0x00000285A08364A8>>,   
        #<function job_post_save_actions at 0x00000285A201E6A8>, weak=True, dispatch_uid=None)
        #暂时还不知道partial的作用和目的是什么
        if isinstance(sender, str):
            apps = apps or Options.default_apps
            apps.lazy_model_operation(partial_method, make_model_tuple(sender))
        else:
            return partial_method(sender)

    def connect(self, receiver, sender=None, weak=True, dispatch_uid=None, apps=None):
        self._lazy_method(
            super().connect, apps, receiver, sender,
            weak=weak, dispatch_uid=dispatch_uid,
        )

    def disconnect(self, receiver=None, sender=None, dispatch_uid=None, apps=None):
        return self._lazy_method(
            super().disconnect, apps, receiver, sender, dispatch_uid=dispatch_uid
        )

继承自父类Signal，Signall的源码位于django dispatch包下，主要的代码位于 dispatcher.py中。

class Signal:
    """
    Base class for all signals

    Internal attributes:

        receivers
            { receiverkey (id) : weakref(receiver) }
    """
    def __init__(self, providing_args=None, use_caching=False):
        """
        Create a new signal.

        providing_args
            A list of the arguments this signal can pass along in a send() call.
        """
        self.receivers = []
        if providing_args is None:
            providing_args = []
        self.providing_args = set(providing_args)
        self.lock = threading.Lock()
        self.use_caching = use_caching
        # For convenience we create empty caches even if they are not used.
        # A note about caching: if use_caching is defined, then for each
        # distinct sender we cache the receivers that sender has in
        # 'sender_receivers_cache'. The cache is cleaned when .connect() or
        # .disconnect() is called and populated on send().
        self.sender_receivers_cache = weakref.WeakKeyDictionary() if use_caching else {}
        self._dead_receivers = False

    def connect(self, receiver, sender=None, weak=True, dispatch_uid=None):
        """
        Connect receiver to sender for signal.

        Arguments:

            receiver
                A function or an instance method which is to receive signals.
                Receivers must be hashable objects.

                If weak is True, then receiver must be weak referenceable.

                Receivers must be able to accept keyword arguments.

                If a receiver is connected with a dispatch_uid argument, it
                will not be added if another receiver was already connected
                with that dispatch_uid.

            sender
                The sender to which the receiver should respond. Must either be
                a Python object, or None to receive events from any sender.

            weak
                Whether to use weak references to the receiver. By default, the
                module will attempt to use weak references to the receiver
                objects. If this parameter is false, then strong references will
                be used.

            dispatch_uid
                An identifier used to uniquely identify a particular instance of
                a receiver. This will usually be a string, though it may be
                anything hashable.
        """
        from django.conf import settings

        # If DEBUG is on, check that we got a good receiver
        if settings.configured and settings.DEBUG:
            assert callable(receiver), "Signal receivers must be callable."

            # Check for **kwargs
            if not func_accepts_kwargs(receiver):
                raise ValueError("Signal receivers must accept keyword arguments (**kwargs).")

        if dispatch_uid:
            lookup_key = (dispatch_uid, _make_id(sender))
        else:
            lookup_key = (_make_id(receiver), _make_id(sender))

        if weak:
            ref = weakref.ref
            receiver_object = receiver
            # Check for bound methods
            if hasattr(receiver, '__self__') and hasattr(receiver, '__func__'):
                ref = weakref.WeakMethod
                receiver_object = receiver.__self__
            receiver = ref(receiver)
            weakref.finalize(receiver_object, self._remove_receiver)

        with self.lock:
            self._clear_dead_receivers()
            if not any(r_key == lookup_key for r_key, _ in self.receivers):
                self.receivers.append((lookup_key, receiver))
            self.sender_receivers_cache.clear()

    def disconnect(self, receiver=None, sender=None, dispatch_uid=None):
        """
        Disconnect receiver from sender for signal.

        If weak references are used, disconnect need not be called. The receiver
        will be removed from dispatch automatically.

        Arguments:

            receiver
                The registered receiver to disconnect. May be none if
                dispatch_uid is specified.

            sender
                The registered sender to disconnect

            dispatch_uid
                the unique identifier of the receiver to disconnect
        """
        if dispatch_uid:
            lookup_key = (dispatch_uid, _make_id(sender))
        else:
            lookup_key = (_make_id(receiver), _make_id(sender))

        disconnected = False
        with self.lock:
            self._clear_dead_receivers()
            for index in range(len(self.receivers)):
                (r_key, _) = self.receivers[index]
                if r_key == lookup_key:
                    disconnected = True
                    del self.receivers[index]
                    break
            self.sender_receivers_cache.clear()
        return disconnected

    def has_listeners(self, sender=None):
        return bool(self._live_receivers(sender))

    def send(self, sender, **named):
        """
        Send signal from sender to all connected receivers.

        If any receiver raises an error, the error propagates back through send,
        terminating the dispatch loop. So it's possible that all receivers
        won't be called if an error is raised.

        Arguments:

            sender
                The sender of the signal. Either a specific object or None.

            named
                Named arguments which will be passed to receivers.

        Return a list of tuple pairs [(receiver, response), ... ].
        """
        if not self.receivers or self.sender_receivers_cache.get(sender) is NO_RECEIVERS:
            return []

        return [
            (receiver, receiver(signal=self, sender=sender, **named))
            for receiver in self._live_receivers(sender)
        ]

    def send_robust(self, sender, **named):
        """
        Send signal from sender to all connected receivers catching errors.

        Arguments:

            sender
                The sender of the signal. Can be any Python object (normally one
                registered with a connect if you actually want something to
                occur).

            named
                Named arguments which will be passed to receivers. These
                arguments must be a subset of the argument names defined in
                providing_args.

        Return a list of tuple pairs [(receiver, response), ... ].

        If any receiver raises an error (specifically any subclass of
        Exception), return the error instance as the result for that receiver.
        """
        if not self.receivers or self.sender_receivers_cache.get(sender) is NO_RECEIVERS:
            return []

        # Call each receiver with whatever arguments it can accept.
        # Return a list of tuple pairs [(receiver, response), ... ].
        responses = []
        for receiver in self._live_receivers(sender):
            try:
                response = receiver(signal=self, sender=sender, **named)
            except Exception as err:
                responses.append((receiver, err))
            else:
                responses.append((receiver, response))
        return responses

connect方法

connect方法用于连接信号和信号处理函数，类似的概念相当于为某个事件（信号发出表示一个事件）注册观察者（处理函数），函数参数中receiver就是信号处理函数，sender表示信号的发送者，比如Django框架中的post_save()这个信号，任何一个模型在save()函数调用之后都会发出这个信号，但是我们只想关注某一个模型 save()方法调用的事件发生，就可以指定sender为我们需要关注的模型类。

weak参数表示是否将receiver转换成弱引用对象，Siganl中默认会将所有的receiver转成弱引用，所以如果你的receiver是个局部对象的话，那么receiver可能会被垃圾回收期回收，receiver也就变成一个dead_receiver了，Siganl会在connect和disconnect方法调用的时候，清除dead_receiver。
dispatch_uid，这个参数用于唯一标识这个receiver函数，主要的作用是防止receiver函数被注册多次，这样会导致receiver函数会执行多次，这可能是我们不想要的一个结果。

disconnect方法

disconnect方法用于断开信号的接收器，函数内首先会生成根据sender和receiver对象构造出的一个标识lookup_key，在遍历receiver数组时，根据lookup_key找到需要disconnect的receiver然后从数组中删除这个receiver。

send和send_robust

send和send_robust方法都是用于发送事件的函数，不同点在于send_robust函数中会捕获信号接收函数发生的异常，添加到返回的responses数组中。

2.什么时候调用信号

class Model(metaclass=ModelBase):
    def save(self, force_insert=False, force_update=False, using=None,
             update_fields=None):
        """
        Save the current instance. Override this in a subclass if you want to
        control the saving process.

        The 'force_insert' and 'force_update' parameters can be used to insist
        that the "save" must be an SQL insert or update (or equivalent for
        non-SQL backends), respectively. Normally, they should not be set.
        """
        # Ensure that a model instance without a PK hasn't been assigned to
        # a ForeignKey or OneToOneField on this model. If the field is
        # nullable, allowing the save() would result in silent data loss.
        for field in self._meta.concrete_fields:
            # If the related field isn't cached, then an instance hasn't
            # been assigned and there's no need to worry about this check.
            if field.is_relation and field.is_cached(self):
                obj = getattr(self, field.name, None)
                # A pk may have been assigned manually to a model instance not
                # saved to the database (or auto-generated in a case like
                # UUIDField), but we allow the save to proceed and rely on the
                # database to raise an IntegrityError if applicable. If
                # constraints aren't supported by the database, there's the
                # unavoidable risk of data corruption.
                if obj and obj.pk is None:
                    # Remove the object from a related instance cache.
                    if not field.remote_field.multiple:
                        field.remote_field.delete_cached_value(obj)
                    raise ValueError(
                        "save() prohibited to prevent data loss due to "
                        "unsaved related object '%s'." % field.name
                    )
                # If the relationship's pk/to_field was changed, clear the
                # cached relationship.
                if obj and getattr(obj, field.target_field.attname) != getattr(self, field.attname):
                    field.delete_cached_value(self)

        using = using or router.db_for_write(self.__class__, instance=self)
        if force_insert and (force_update or update_fields):
            raise ValueError("Cannot force both insert and updating in model saving.")

        deferred_fields = self.get_deferred_fields()
        if update_fields is not None:
            # If update_fields is empty, skip the save. We do also check for
            # no-op saves later on for inheritance cases. This bailout is
            # still needed for skipping signal sending.
            if not update_fields:
                return

            update_fields = frozenset(update_fields)
            field_names = set()

            for field in self._meta.fields:
                if not field.primary_key:
                    field_names.add(field.name)

                    if field.name != field.attname:
                        field_names.add(field.attname)

            non_model_fields = update_fields.difference(field_names)

            if non_model_fields:
                raise ValueError("The following fields do not exist in this "
                                 "model or are m2m fields: %s"
                                 % ', '.join(non_model_fields))

        # If saving to the same database, and this model is deferred, then
        # automatically do a "update_fields" save on the loaded fields.
        elif not force_insert and deferred_fields and using == self._state.db:
            field_names = set()
            for field in self._meta.concrete_fields:
                if not field.primary_key and not hasattr(field, 'through'):
                    field_names.add(field.attname)
            loaded_fields = field_names.difference(deferred_fields)
            if loaded_fields:
                update_fields = frozenset(loaded_fields)

        self.save_base(using=using, force_insert=force_insert,
                       force_update=force_update, update_fields=update_fields)
    save.alters_data = True

    def save_base(self, raw=False, force_insert=False,
                  force_update=False, using=None, update_fields=None):
        """
        Handle the parts of saving which should be done only once per save,
        yet need to be done in raw saves, too. This includes some sanity
        checks and signal sending.

        The 'raw' argument is telling save_base not to save any parent
        models and not to do any changes to the values before save. This
        is used by fixture loading.
        """
        using = using or router.db_for_write(self.__class__, instance=self)
        assert not (force_insert and (force_update or update_fields))
        assert update_fields is None or update_fields
        cls = origin = self.__class__
        # Skip proxies, but keep the origin as the proxy model.
        if cls._meta.proxy:
            cls = cls._meta.concrete_model
        meta = cls._meta
        if not meta.auto_created:
            pre_save.send(
                sender=origin, instance=self, raw=raw, using=using,
                update_fields=update_fields,
            )
        with transaction.atomic(using=using, savepoint=False):
            if not raw:
                self._save_parents(cls, using, update_fields)
            updated = self._save_table(raw, cls, force_insert, force_update, using, update_fields)
        # Store the database on which the object was saved
        self._state.db = using
        # Once saved, this is no longer a to-be-added instance.
        self._state.adding = False

        # Signal that the save is complete
        if not meta.auto_created:
            post_save.send(
                sender=origin, instance=self, created=(not updated),
                update_fields=update_fields, raw=raw, using=using,
            )

    save_base.alters_data = True

Model在保存，调用save方法的时候会调用save_base方法，save_base会调用post_save的send方法，完成信号的处理。

三、总结

本文主要介绍了post_save的实现和使用，django还提供了其他几种信号pre_init，post_init，pre_save，pre_delete，post_delete，m2m_changed，pre_migrate，post_migrate与之类似，也可以自己编写函数创建自己的信号。

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本文由是博主根据资料总结及自己的理解编写而成。还有未涉及的，会不定期更新，有错误请指正。
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