在邮件列表里讨论了一下writel是如何实现的,这个函数实现在操作系统层,有内存保护的情况下,往一个寄存器或者内存地址写一个数据。
在arch/alpha/kernel/io.c中有
void writel(u32 b, volatile void __iomem *addr)
{
__raw_writel(b, addr);
mb();
}
void writel(u32 b, volatile void __iomem *addr)
{
__raw_writel(b, addr);
mb();
}
{
__raw_writel(b, addr);
mb();
}
这样一个writel函数的作用应该是向一个地址上写一个值, 我想知道这个函数底下具体实现的细节,于是往下继续跟踪代码:_ _raw_writel(b, addr);
129 void __raw_writel(u32 b, volatile void __iomem *addr)
130 {
131 IO_CONCAT(__IO_PREFIX,writel)( b, addr);
132 }
130 {
131 IO_CONCAT(__IO_PREFIX,writel)(
132 }
再往下跟踪 IO_CONCAT,在对应的io. h中的定义如下:
134 #define IO_CONCAT(a,b) _IO_CONCAT(a,b)
135 #define _IO_CONCAT(a,b) a ## _ ## b
135 #define _IO_CONCAT(a,b) a ## _ ## b
这段代码前几天问过了,是标示将两边的字符串连接起来的意思。
跟踪__IO_PREFIX 定义如下
501 #undef __IO_PREFIX
502 #define __IO_PREFIX apecs
502 #define __IO_PREFIX apecs
到这里就结束了,再往下我就晕了,有问题如下:
1、到底是怎么将数据写入地址的?我把这些单独提取出来, 进行预编译,宏展开后,发现是这样的:
void __raw_writel( )
{
apecs_writel(b, addr);
}
{
apecs_writel(b, addr);
}
但是在内核里根本就没找到apecs_writel函数, 请帮忙解释下。
For the first question,
you should refer to the file "arch\alpha\kernle\Machvec_ impl.h"
"~\Machve.h" "~\io.c" "~\io.h" "~\core_**.h".
as you have analysized before, in the file Machvec_impl.h and Machve.h,
DO_CIA_IO,IO,IO_LITE, these three macros implement the symbole
connection between ** arch and writel function, and the function
pointer initializations.
so, the details implementation to writel is to init the
alpha_machine_vector structure and the definition to the relevant
function pointer invoked to complete the low-level write operation.
.mv_writel =CAT(low,_writel),<---IO(CIA, cia)<-->cia_writel(b, addr); <---
|
writel(b, addr)-->__raw_writel(b, addr);--->cia_writel(b,addr)-- -------------
For the second quesiton,
mb()--->__asm__ __volatile__("mb": : :"memory");
so, it is a memory barrier for alpha architecture to ensure some
operations before some actions could be occured.
and, it is similiar with the barrier() in x86 platform/arm platform.
you should refer to the file "arch\alpha\kernle\Machvec_
"~\Machve.h" "~\io.c" "~\io.h" "~\core_**.h".
as you have analysized before, in the file Machvec_impl.h and Machve.h,
DO_CIA_IO,IO,IO_LITE, these three macros implement the symbole
connection between ** arch and writel function, and the function
pointer initializations.
so, the details implementation to writel is to init the
alpha_machine_vector structure and the definition to the relevant
function pointer invoked to complete the low-level write operation.
.mv_writel =CAT(low,_writel),<---IO(CIA,
|
writel(b, addr)-->__raw_writel(b, addr);--->cia_writel(b,addr)--
For the second quesiton,
mb()--->__asm__ __volatile__("mb": : :"memory");
so, it is a memory barrier for alpha architecture to ensure some
operations before some actions could be occured.
and, it is similiar with the barrier() in x86 platform/arm platform.
继续阅读代码,看看定义__IO_ PREFIX之后紧接着包含了哪个头文件。在哪个头文
件里面寻找答案。对于你的apsec,看看以下代码段( linux-2.6.28-rc4)
arch/alpha/include/asm/core_ apecs.h
------------------------------ ------------
#undef __IO_PREFIX
#define __IO_PREFIX apecs
#define apecs_trivial_io_bw 0
#define apecs_trivial_io_lq 0
#define apecs_trivial_rw_bw 2
#define apecs_trivial_rw_lq 1
#define apecs_trivial_iounmap 1
#include <asm/io_trivial.h>
------------------------------ ------------
arch/alpha/include/asm/io_ trivial.h
------------------------------ ------------
__EXTERN_INLINE void
IO_CONCAT(__IO_PREFIX,writel)( u32 b, volatile void __iomem *a)
{
*(volatile u32 __force *)a = b;
}
件里面寻找答案。对于你的apsec,看看以下代码段(
arch/alpha/include/asm/core_
------------------------------
#undef __IO_PREFIX
#define __IO_PREFIX apecs
#define apecs_trivial_io_bw 0
#define apecs_trivial_io_lq 0
#define apecs_trivial_rw_bw 2
#define apecs_trivial_rw_lq 1
#define apecs_trivial_iounmap 1
#include <asm/io_trivial.h>
------------------------------
arch/alpha/include/asm/io_
------------------------------
__EXTERN_INLINE void
IO_CONCAT(__IO_PREFIX,writel)(
{
*(volatile u32 __force *)a = b;
}
就是最终通过*(volatile u32 __force *)a = b;
来写入数据的。
来写入数据的。
如果在没有os,没有mmu的情况下,当开发板裸跑的时候,我们只需要一句话就一切ok:
*(unsigned long *)addr = value;