本文所有的Web页面都和以前一样，不同的是采用了三层架构。我们对应用进行了逻辑分层，各层分别为：界面层（UI），业务逻辑层（BLL）和数据访问层（DAL）。而在数据交互环境下的实体对象此时将扮演数据访问层（DAL）和业务逻辑层（BLL）数据传输的对象（DTO）。在以前，我们可能需要花时间编写DTO的代码，而现在EF4能帮我们省去这一部分时间了。
好吧，下面跟随我的步骤一起完成这个应用。
步骤1.创建数据库
为可简单起见，我们在SQL Server中新建一个OrderSystem数据库，并且创建一个单独的表UserAccounts，该表的字段如下，注意将Id作为主键，并设置为标识列以便自增。
仍然采用存储过程操作表的数据，我们创建的存储过程如下：
1.UserAccounts_SelectAll查询表中所有数据
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CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[UserAccounts_SelectAll]
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
SELECT Id, FirstName, LastName, AuditFields_InsertDate, AuditFields_UpdateDate
FROM UserAccounts
RETURN
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[UserAccounts_SelectAll]
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
SELECT Id, FirstName, LastName, AuditFields_InsertDate, AuditFields_UpdateDate
FROM UserAccounts
RETURN2.UserAccounts_SelectById通过Id查询单条表数据
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CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[UserAccounts_SelectById]
(
@Id int
)
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
SELECT Id, FirstName, LastName, AuditFields_InsertDate, AuditFields_UpdateDate
FROM UserAccounts
WHERE Id = @Id
RETURN
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[UserAccounts_SelectById]
(
@Id int
)
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
SELECT Id, FirstName, LastName, AuditFields_InsertDate, AuditFields_UpdateDate
FROM UserAccounts
WHERE Id = @Id
RETURN
3.UserAccounts_Insert插入一条表数据
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CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[UserAccounts_Insert]
(
@FirstName nvarchar(50),
@LastName nvarchar(50),
@AuditFields_InsertDate datetime,
@AuditFields_UpdateDate datetime
)
AS
INSERT INTO UserAccounts (FirstName, LastName, AuditFields_InsertDate,
AuditFields_UpdateDate)
VALUES (@FirstName, @LastName, @AuditFields_InsertDate,
@AuditFields_UpdateDate)
SELECT CAST(SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS INT) AS Id
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[UserAccounts_Insert]
(
@FirstName nvarchar(50),
@LastName nvarchar(50),
@AuditFields_InsertDate datetime,
@AuditFields_UpdateDate datetime
)
AS
INSERT INTO UserAccounts (FirstName, LastName, AuditFields_InsertDate,
AuditFields_UpdateDate)
VALUES (@FirstName, @LastName, @AuditFields_InsertDate,
@AuditFields_UpdateDate)
SELECT CAST(SCOPE_IDENTITY() AS INT) AS Id4.UserAccounts_Update更新单条表数据
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CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[UserAccounts_Update]
(
@Id int,
@FirstName nvarchar(50),
@LastName nvarchar(50),
@AuditFields_UpdateDate datetime
)
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
UPDATE UserAccounts
SET FirstName = @FirstName,
LastName = @LastName,
AuditFields_UpdateDate = @AuditFields_UpdateDate
WHERE Id = @Id
RETURN
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[UserAccounts_Update]
(
@Id int,
@FirstName nvarchar(50),
@LastName nvarchar(50),
@AuditFields_UpdateDate datetime
)
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
UPDATE UserAccounts
SET FirstName = @FirstName,
LastName = @LastName,
AuditFields_UpdateDate = @AuditFields_UpdateDate
WHERE Id = @Id
RETURN5.UserAccounts_Delete删除单条表数据
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CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[UserAccounts_Delete]
(
@Id int
)
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
DELETE
FROM UserAccounts
WHERE Id = @Id
RETURN
CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[UserAccounts_Delete]
(
@Id int
)
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON
DELETE
FROM UserAccounts
WHERE Id = @Id
RETURN步骤2.创建数据访问层
下来在VS 2010中创建一个新的类库项目，它将作为数据访问层。
1.打开VS，选择文件->新项目。
2.选择“C#类库”项目，将名字改为OrederSystemDAL
3.选中“为项目创建目录”，将左边输入框内容改为“OrderSystem”，点“OK”。
4.添加数据视图模型，OrderSystemDAL项目上右键，选择Add->New Item..
5.从项目模板中选择“ADO.NET Entity Data Mode”，将它名字改为“OrderSystemDataModel.edmx”，点“Add”。
6.将会看到视图数据模型向导，选择“Generate from database”，点“Next”。
7.选择数据库连接，我们创建一个新连接，选择“New connection”，填写好登陆信息并选择OrderSystem数据后，点“OK”，再点“Next”。
8.选择数据库对象，选择刚创建的UserAccounts表和5个存储过程，点“Finish”。
接下来是创建调用这些存储过程的方法了。
9.展开存储过程文件夹，右击“UserAccounts_Delete”存储过程，选择“ Add Function Import”。
10.弹出“Function Import”框后，保持默认参数，点击“OK”。
11.UserAccounts_Insert存储过程上右击，由于它将返回新插入的数据的Id，所以我们要将“Returns a Collection Of”的Scalars参数设置为Int32，然后点“OK”。
12.对其他存储过程重复同样操作，对于SelectAll 和SelectById存储过程，“Returns a Collection Of”中的Entity参数设置为UserAccount，Update存储过程保持默认即可。
实体数据模型就创建好了，下面要在数据访问层中创建一个类来管理这些存储过程的调用。
13.添加一个新的类文件，将其名字改为“UserAccountsData.cs”，将类声明为公共的和静态的。
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public static class UserAccountsData
public static class UserAccountsData14.给类添加以下方法：
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public static int Insert(string firstName, string lastName, DateTime insertDate)
{
using (OrderSystemEntities db = new OrderSystemEntities())
{
return Insert(db, firstName, lastName, insertDate);
}
}
public static int Insert(OrderSystemEntities db, string firstName,
string lastName, DateTime insertDate)
{
return db.UserAccounts_Insert(firstName, lastName, insertDate, insertDate).ElementAt(0).Value;
}
public static void Update(int id, string firstName, string lastName,
DateTime updateDate)
{
using (OrderSystemEntities db = new OrderSystemEntities())
{
Update(db, id, firstName, lastName, updateDate);
}
}
public static void Update(OrderSystemEntities db, int id, string firstName,
string lastName, DateTime updateDate)
{
db.UserAccounts_Update(id, firstName, lastName, updateDate);
}
public static void Delete(int id)
{
using (OrderSystemEntities db = new OrderSystemEntities())
{
Delete(db, id);
}
}
public static void Delete(OrderSystemEntities db, int id)
{
db.UserAccounts_Delete(id);
}
public static UserAccount SelectById(int id)
{
using (OrderSystemEntities db = new OrderSystemEntities())
{
return SelectById(db, id);
}
}
public static UserAccount SelectById(OrderSystemEntities db, int id)
{
return db.UserAccounts_SelectById(id).ElementAtOrDefault(0);
}
public static List<UserAccount> SelectAll()
{
using (OrderSystemEntities db = new OrderSystemEntities())
{
return SelectAll(db);
}
}
public static List<UserAccount> SelectAll(OrderSystemEntities db)
{
return db.UserAccounts_SelectAll().ToList();
}
public static int Insert(string firstName, string lastName, DateTime insertDate)
{
using (OrderSystemEntities db = new OrderSystemEntities())
{
return Insert(db, firstName, lastName, insertDate);
}
}
public static int Insert(OrderSystemEntities db, string firstName,
string lastName, DateTime insertDate)
{
return db.UserAccounts_Insert(firstName, lastName, insertDate, insertDate).ElementAt(0).Value;
}
public static void Update(int id, string firstName, string lastName,
DateTime updateDate)
{
using (OrderSystemEntities db = new OrderSystemEntities())
{
Update(db, id, firstName, lastName, updateDate);
}
}
public static void Update(OrderSystemEntities db, int id, string firstName,
string lastName, DateTime updateDate)
{
db.UserAccounts_Update(id, firstName, lastName, updateDate);
}
public static void Delete(int id)
{
using (OrderSystemEntities db = new OrderSystemEntities())
{
Delete(db, id);
}
}
public static void Delete(OrderSystemEntities db, int id)
{
db.UserAccounts_Delete(id);
}
public static UserAccount SelectById(int id)
{
using (OrderSystemEntities db = new OrderSystemEntities())
{
return SelectById(db, id);
}
}
public static UserAccount SelectById(OrderSystemEntities db, int id)
{
return db.UserAccounts_SelectById(id).ElementAtOrDefault(0);
}
public static List<UserAccount> SelectAll()
{
using (OrderSystemEntities db = new OrderSystemEntities())
{
return SelectAll(db);
}
}
public static List<UserAccount> SelectAll(OrderSystemEntities db)
{
return db.UserAccounts_SelectAll().ToList();
}
以上就是我们用来操作UserAccounts表数据的类了。
步骤3.创建业务逻辑层
业务逻辑层是介于界面层和数据访问层的，它体现了应用的业务逻辑和一些数据验证规则。
1.添加一个新的C#类库项目，将它的名字改为“OrderSystemBLL”
2.给该项目添加DAL项目引用和System.Data.Entity引用。
3.将项目中的“Class1.cs”文件改名为“UserAccountEO”。EO的意思编辑对象（Edit Object），添加EO后缀是为了将其和数据访问层的类区分开。
4.添加命名空间。
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using System.Collections;
using OrderSystemDAL;
using System.Collections;
using OrderSystemDAL;5.添加属性声明
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public int Id { get; set; }
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
public DateTime InsertDate { get; set; }
public DateTime UpdateDate { get; set; }
public string FullName
{
get
{
return LastName + ", " + FirstName;
}
}
public int Id { get; set; }
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public string LastName { get; set; }
public DateTime InsertDate { get; set; }
public DateTime UpdateDate { get; set; }
public string FullName
{
get
{
return LastName + ", " + FirstName;
}
}6.添加下面的代码用来将数据保持到数据库，该方法根据对象Id是否赋值来判断是更新还是插入操作，并且还会进行一系列的验证，如果验证不通过，则不能进行数据的插入或更新，相关的错误还会返回给它的调用者。
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public bool Save(ref ArrayList validationErrors)
{
ValidateSave(ref validationErrors);
if (validationErrors.Count == 0)
{
if (Id == 0)
{
Id = UserAccountsData.Insert(FirstName, LastName, DateTime.Now);
}
else
{
UserAccountsData.Update(Id, FirstName, LastName, DateTime.Now);
}
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
private void ValidateSave(ref ArrayList validationErrors)
{
if (FirstName.Trim() == "")
{
validationErrors.Add("The First Name is required.");
}
if (LastName.Trim() == "")
{
validationErrors.Add("The Last Name is required.");
}
}
public bool Save(ref ArrayList validationErrors)
{
ValidateSave(ref validationErrors);
if (validationErrors.Count == 0)
{
if (Id == 0)
{
Id = UserAccountsData.Insert(FirstName, LastName, DateTime.Now);
}
else
{
UserAccountsData.Update(Id, FirstName, LastName, DateTime.Now);
}
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
private void ValidateSave(ref ArrayList validationErrors)
{
if (FirstName.Trim() == "")
{
validationErrors.Add("The First Name is required.");
}
if (LastName.Trim() == "")
{
validationErrors.Add("The Last Name is required.");
}
}7.添加用来删除数据的方法，如果要进行验证可以采取如下的方式
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public void Delete(ref ArrayList validationErrors)
{
ValidateDelete(ref validationErrors);
if (validationErrors.Count == 0)
{
UserAccountsData.Delete(Id);
}
}
private void ValidateDelete(ref ArrayList validationErrors)
{
//Check for referential integrity.
}
public void Delete(ref ArrayList validationErrors)
{
ValidateDelete(ref validationErrors);
if (validationErrors.Count == 0)
{
UserAccountsData.Delete(Id);
}
}
private void ValidateDelete(ref ArrayList validationErrors)
{
//Check for referential integrity.
}8.添加用来查询单条数据的方法
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public bool Select(int id)
{
UserAccount userAccount = UserAccountsData.SelectById(id);
if (userAccount != null)
{
MapData(userAccount);
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
internal void MapData(UserAccount userAccount)
{
Id = userAccount.Id;
FirstName = userAccount.FirstName;
LastName = userAccount.LastName;
InsertDate = userAccount.AuditFields_InsertDate;
UpdateDate = userAccount.AuditFields_UpdateDate;
}
public bool Select(int id)
{
UserAccount userAccount = UserAccountsData.SelectById(id);
if (userAccount != null)
{
MapData(userAccount);
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
internal void MapData(UserAccount userAccount)
{
Id = userAccount.Id;
FirstName = userAccount.FirstName;
LastName = userAccount.LastName;
InsertDate = userAccount.AuditFields_InsertDate;
UpdateDate = userAccount.AuditFields_UpdateDate;
}9.最后是查询表所有数据的方法
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public static List<UserAccountEO> SelectAll()
{
List<UserAccountEO> userAccounts
= new List<UserAccountEO>();
List<UserAccountEO> userAccountDTOs = UserAccountsData.SelectAll();
foreach (UserAccount userAccountDTO in userAccountDTOs)
{
UserAccountEO userAccountEO = new UserAccountEO();
userAccountEO.MapData(userAccountDTO);
userAccounts.Add(userAccountEO);
}
return userAccounts;
}
public static List<UserAccountEO> SelectAll()
{
List<UserAccountEO> userAccounts
= new List<UserAccountEO>();
List<UserAccountEO> userAccountDTOs = UserAccountsData.SelectAll();
foreach (UserAccount userAccountDTO in userAccountDTOs)
{
UserAccountEO userAccountEO = new UserAccountEO();
userAccountEO.MapData(userAccountDTO);
userAccounts.Add(userAccountEO);
}
return userAccounts;
}
步骤4.创建Web表单
下面就是创建数据增删改查的页面了，就是我们所说的界面层
1.新建一个ASP.NET Web项目，命名为“OrderSystemUI”。
2.为该项目添加OrderSystemBLL项目的引用。
3.在web.config中添加connectionStrings配置节，代码如下：
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<connectionstrings>
<add name="OrderSystemEntities" connectionstring="你的数据库连接字符串"
providername="System.Data.EntityClient" />
</connectionstrings>
<connectionstrings>
<add name="OrderSystemEntities" connectionstring="你的数据库连接字符串"
providername="System.Data.EntityClient" />
</connectionstrings>
4.添加一个WebForm，命名为“Users.aspx”。
5.转到代码视图，在div之间添加如下html代码
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<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<asp :label id="lblErrorLabel" runat="server" text="Please correct the following issues:" forecolor="Red" visible="false"></asp>
<asp :label id="lblErrorMessages" runat="server" forecolor="Red" visible="false"></asp>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Select A User:</td>
<td><asp :dropdownlist id="ddlUsers" runat="server" autopostback="True"></asp></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>First Name:</td>
<td><asp :textbox id="txtFirstName" runat="server"></asp></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Last Name:</td>
<td><asp :textbox id="txtLastName" runat="server"></asp></td>
</tr><tr>
<td>Inserted:</td><td><asp :label id="lblInserted" runat="server"></asp></td>
</tr><tr><td>Updated:</td>
<td><asp :label id="lblUpdated" runat="server"></asp></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<asp :button id="btnSave" runat="server" text="Save" />
<asp :button id="btnDelete" runat="server" text="Delete" />
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<asp :label id="lblErrorLabel" runat="server" text="Please correct the following issues:" forecolor="Red" visible="false"></asp>
<asp :label id="lblErrorMessages" runat="server" forecolor="Red" visible="false"></asp>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Select A User:</td>
<td><asp :dropdownlist id="ddlUsers" runat="server" autopostback="True"></asp></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>First Name:</td>
<td><asp :textbox id="txtFirstName" runat="server"></asp></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Last Name:</td>
<td><asp :textbox id="txtLastName" runat="server"></asp></td>
</tr><tr>
<td>Inserted:</td><td><asp :label id="lblInserted" runat="server"></asp></td>
</tr><tr><td>Updated:</td>
<td><asp :label id="lblUpdated" runat="server"></asp></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<asp :button id="btnSave" runat="server" text="Save" />
<asp :button id="btnDelete" runat="server" text="Delete" />
转到设计视图，可以看到效果如下：
步骤5.将查询的数据加载到Drop Down List
下面要做的是在页面加载时，将UserAccounts表的数据加载到Drop Down List，同时可以在Drop Down List中选择新增数据。
1.双击页面，创建Page_Load时间处理方法。
2.添加命名空间using OrderSystemBLL;。
3.Page_Load处理方法代码如下：
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protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (!IsPostBack)
{
LoadUserDropDownList();
}
}
protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
if (!IsPostBack)
{
LoadUserDropDownList();
}
}4.添加LoadUserDropDownList方法
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private void LoadUserDropDownList()
{
ddlUsers.DataSource = UserAccountEO.SelectAll();
ddlUsers.DataTextField = "FullName";
ddlUsers.DataValueField = "Id";
ddlUsers.DataBind();
ddlUsers.Items.Insert(0, new ListItem("Create New User", ""));
}
private void LoadUserDropDownList()
{
ddlUsers.DataSource = UserAccountEO.SelectAll();
ddlUsers.DataTextField = "FullName";
ddlUsers.DataValueField = "Id";
ddlUsers.DataBind();
ddlUsers.Items.Insert(0, new ListItem("Create New User", ""));
}步骤6.插入和更新数据
设计视图下，双击“Save”按钮，添加点击事件处理代码如下：
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protected void btnSave_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
ArrayList validationErrors = new ArrayList();
UserAccountEO userAccount = new UserAccountEO();
if (ddlUsers.SelectedItem.Value != "")
{
//Updating
userAccount.Id = Convert.ToInt32(ddlUsers.SelectedValue);
}
userAccount.FirstName = txtFirstName.Text;
userAccount.LastName = txtLastName.Text;
userAccount.Save(ref validationErrors);
if (validationErrors.Count > 0)
{
ShowValidationMessages(validationErrors);
}
else
{
//Reload the drop down list
LoadUserDropDownList();
//Select the one the user just saved.
ddlUsers.Items.FindByValue(userAccount.Id.ToString()).Selected = true;
lblErrorLabel.Visible = false;
lblErrorMessages.Visible = false;
}
}
private void ShowValidationMessages(ArrayList validationErrors)
{
if (validationErrors.Count > 0)
{
lblErrorLabel.Visible = true;
lblErrorMessages.Visible = true;
lblErrorMessages.Text = "<br>";
foreach (string message in validationErrors)
{
lblErrorMessages.Text += message + "<br>";
}
}
else
{
lblErrorLabel.Visible = false;
lblErrorMessages.Visible = false;
}
}
protected void btnSave_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
ArrayList validationErrors = new ArrayList();
UserAccountEO userAccount = new UserAccountEO();
if (ddlUsers.SelectedItem.Value != "")
{
//Updating
userAccount.Id = Convert.ToInt32(ddlUsers.SelectedValue);
}
userAccount.FirstName = txtFirstName.Text;
userAccount.LastName = txtLastName.Text;
userAccount.Save(ref validationErrors);
if (validationErrors.Count > 0)
{
ShowValidationMessages(validationErrors);
}
else
{
//Reload the drop down list
LoadUserDropDownList();
//Select the one the user just saved.
ddlUsers.Items.FindByValue(userAccount.Id.ToString()).Selected = true;
lblErrorLabel.Visible = false;
lblErrorMessages.Visible = false;
}
}
private void ShowValidationMessages(ArrayList validationErrors)
{
if (validationErrors.Count > 0)
{
lblErrorLabel.Visible = true;
lblErrorMessages.Visible = true;
lblErrorMessages.Text = "";
foreach (string message in validationErrors)
{
lblErrorMessages.Text += message + "";
}
}
else
{
lblErrorLabel.Visible = false;
lblErrorMessages.Visible = false;
}
}这里代码和以前的代码不同之处是，多了一些验证的处理。
步骤7.查询数据
设计视图下，双击下拉框，给它添加SelectedIndexChanged事件处理方法，代码如下：
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txtFirstName.Text = "";
txtLastName.Text = "";
lblInserted.Text = "";
lblUpdated.Text = "";
if (ddlUsers.SelectedValue != "")
{
int userAccountId = Convert.ToInt32(ddlUsers.SelectedValue);
UserAccountEO userAccount = new UserAccountEO();
if (userAccount.Select(userAccountId))
{
txtFirstName.Text = userAccount.FirstName;
txtLastName.Text = userAccount.LastName;
lblInserted.Text = userAccount.InsertDate.ToString();
lblUpdated.Text = userAccount.UpdateDate.ToString();
}
}
txtFirstName.Text = "";
txtLastName.Text = "";
lblInserted.Text = "";
lblUpdated.Text = "";
if (ddlUsers.SelectedValue != "")
{
int userAccountId = Convert.ToInt32(ddlUsers.SelectedValue);
UserAccountEO userAccount = new UserAccountEO();
if (userAccount.Select(userAccountId))
{
txtFirstName.Text = userAccount.FirstName;
txtLastName.Text = userAccount.LastName;
lblInserted.Text = userAccount.InsertDate.ToString();
lblUpdated.Text = userAccount.UpdateDate.ToString();
}
}步骤8.删除数据
视图设计下，双击“Delete”按钮，给它添加点击事件处理方法，代码如下：
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if (ddlUsers.SelectedItem.Value != "")
{
ArrayList validationErrors = new ArrayList();
UserAccountEO userAccount = new UserAccountEO();
userAccount.Id = Convert.ToInt32(ddlUsers.SelectedValue);
userAccount.Delete(ref validationErrors);
if (validationErrors.Count > 0)
{
ShowValidationMessages(validationErrors);
}
else
{
LoadUserDropDownList();
txtFirstName.Text = "";
txtLastName.Text = "";
lblInserted.Text = "";
lblUpdated.Text = "";
lblErrorLabel.Visible = false;
lblErrorMessages.Visible = false;
}
}
if (ddlUsers.SelectedItem.Value != "")
{
ArrayList validationErrors = new ArrayList();
UserAccountEO userAccount = new UserAccountEO();
userAccount.Id = Convert.ToInt32(ddlUsers.SelectedValue);
userAccount.Delete(ref validationErrors);
if (validationErrors.Count > 0)
{
ShowValidationMessages(validationErrors);
}
else
{
LoadUserDropDownList();
txtFirstName.Text = "";
txtLastName.Text = "";
lblInserted.Text = "";
lblUpdated.Text = "";
lblErrorLabel.Visible = false;
lblErrorMessages.Visible = false;
}
}
总结
至此，如何在三层架构中使用EF4就像想你介绍完了，它应该能满足一般应用的要求。在EF4结合VS2010后，我们发现一个最大的好处是DTO对象不再需要我们自己编写了，加上调用存储过程智能感知的支持，确实非常方便。
从此学习网 http://www.congci.com
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