Unix网络编程 卷1 第11章：名字与地址转换（udp_client_connect_connect）

一、udp_client、udp_connect、udp_server函数

UDP用于访问getaddrinfo的比较简单的接口函数主要为udp_client、udp_connect和udp_server函数，这三个函数定义于《Unix网络编程 卷1：套接字联网API》（简称UNP）的头文件unp.h。udp_client函数用于创建未连接UDP套接字，udp_connect函数用于已连接UDP套接字，udp_server函数为用于简化访问getaddrinfo的最后一个UDP接口函数。这三个函数的原型为：

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#include "unp.h"

int udp_client(const char *hostname, const char *service, struct sockaddr **saptr, socklen_t *lenptr);
int udp_conncet(const char *hostname, const char *service);       
int udp_server(const char *hostname, const char *service, socklen_t *lenptr);

返回：若成功则返回“未/已/未”连接套接字描述符，若出错则不返回

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参数解析：
1. udp_client创建 未连接UDP套接字，返回 三项数据。① 套接字描述符；② saptr：指向某个由udp_client动态分配的套接字地址结构的一个指针的地址，该结构用于存放目的IP地址和端口，稍后用于调用sendto。③ lenptr：第二个套接字地址结构的大小存放再lenptr指针指向的变量中，且该参数不能为空指针。
2. udp_conncet用于创建 已连接UDP套接字，返回 一项数据（已连接套接字描述符）。因为有了已连接UDP套接字后，udp_client必须的结尾两个参数就不再需要了，调用者可改用write代替sendto，因此本函数不必返回一个套接字地址结构及其长度。本函数几乎等同于tcp_connect，差别之一是UDP套接字上的connect调用不再发送任何东西到对端。
3. udp_server创建 未连接UDP套接字，返回 两项数据（未连接套接字描述符和lenptr（指向套接字地址结构大小的指针））。该函数的参数和tcp_listen一样，只是该函数源码没有调用listen，除此之外，几乎等同于tcp_listen。注意：该函数service参数必须。

二、udp_client、udp_connect、udp_server函数源码

#include "unp.h"

int udp_client(const char *host, const char *serv, SA **saptr, socklen_t *lenp)
{
        int sockfd, n;
        struct addrinfo hints, *res, *ressave;

        bzero(&hints, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
        hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
        hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;

        if ( (n = getaddrinfo(host, serv, &hints, &res)) != 0)
                err_quit("udp_client error for %s, %s: %s",
                                 host, serv, gai_strerror(n));
        ressave = res;


        do {
                sockfd = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype, res->ai_protocol);
                if (sockfd >= 0)
                        break;          /* success */
        } while ( (res = res->ai_next) != NULL);


        if (res == NULL)        /* errno set from final socket() */
                err_sys("udp_client error for %s, %s", host, serv);


        *saptr = Malloc(res->ai_addrlen);
        memcpy(*saptr, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen);
        *lenp = res->ai_addrlen;

        freeaddrinfo(ressave);

        return(sockfd);
}

int udp_connect(const char *host, const char *serv)
{
        int sockfd, n;
        struct addrinfo hints, *res, *ressave;

        bzero(&hints, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
        hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
        hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;

        if ( (n = getaddrinfo(host, serv, &hints, &res)) != 0)
                err_quit("udp_connect error for %s, %s: %s",
                                 host, serv, gai_strerror(n));
        ressave = res;

        do {
                sockfd = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype, res->ai_protocol);
                if (sockfd < 0)
                        continue;       /* ignore this one */

                if (connect(sockfd, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) == 0)
                        break;          /* success */

                Close(sockfd);  /* ignore this one */
        } while ( (res = res->ai_next) != NULL);

        if (res == NULL)        /* errno set from final connect() */
                err_sys("udp_connect error for %s, %s", host, serv);

        freeaddrinfo(ressave);

        return(sockfd);
}


int udp_server(const char *host, const char *serv, socklen_t *addrlenp)
{
        int sockfd, n;
        struct addrinfo hints, *res, *ressave;

        bzero(&hints, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
        hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;
        hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
        hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;

        if ( (n = getaddrinfo(host, serv, &hints, &res)) != 0)
                err_quit("udp_server error for %s, %s: %s",
                                 host, serv, gai_strerror(n));
        ressave = res;

        do {
                sockfd = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype, res->ai_protocol);
                if (sockfd < 0)
                        continue;               /* error - try next one */

                if (bind(sockfd, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen) == 0)
                        break;                  /* success */

                Close(sockfd);          /* bind error - close and try next one */
        } while ( (res = res->ai_next) != NULL);

        if (res == NULL)        /* errno from final socket() or bind() */
                err_sys("udp_server error for %s, %s", host, serv);

        if (addrlenp)
                *addrlenp = res->ai_addrlen;    /* return size of protocol address */

        freeaddrinfo(ressave);

        return(sockfd);
}

三、协议无关的UDP时间获取客户程序（见UNP图11-16）——使用udp_client函数

#include <unistd.h>  
#include <sys/types.h>       /* basic system data types */  
#include <sys/socket.h>      /* basic socket definitions */  
#include <netinet/in.h>      /* sockaddr_in{} and other Internet defns */  
#include <arpa/inet.h>       /* inet(3) functions */  
#include <sys/select.h>      /* select function*/  
#include <netdb.h>             
  
#include <stdlib.h>  
#include <errno.h>  
#include <stdio.h>  
#include <string.h>
#define MAXLINE 4098

int udp_client(const char *hostname, const char *service, struct sockaddr **saptr, socklen_t *lenptr);

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
	int sockfd, nrecv;
	struct sockaddr *sa;
	socklen_t salen;
	char dst[MAXLINE];
	char recvBuf[MAXLINE + 1];


	if(argc != 3)
	{
		perror("usage: <hosename/IPaddress> <service/port#>");
	}
	
	sockfd = udp_client(argv[1], argv[2],(void **) &sa, &salen);

	printf("Sending to %s\n", inet_ntop(AF_INET, sa, dst, MAXLINE));

	sendto(sockfd, "", 1, 0, sa, salen);// send 1-byte datagram

	nrecv = recvfrom(sockfd, recvBuf, MAXLINE, 0, NULL, NULL);// THE LAST TWO NULLS?

	recvBuf[nrecv] = '\0'; // null terminate

	fputs(recvBuf, stdout);

	exit(0);
}

int udp_client(const char *hostname, const char *service, struct sockaddr **saptr, socklen_t *lenptr)
{
	int sockfd, n;
	struct addrinfo hints, *res, *ressave;

	bzero(&hints, sizeof(struct addrinfo));
	hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
	hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_DGRAM;

	if ( (n = getaddrinfo(hostname, service, &hints, &res)) != 0)
		// err_quit("udp_client error for %s, %s: %s",
		printf("udp_client error for %s, %s: %s", 
			hostname, service, gai_strerror(n));

	ressave = res;

	do {
	        sockfd = socket(res->ai_family, res->ai_socktype, res->ai_protocol);
	        if (sockfd >= 0)
	       	       break;          /* success */
	} while ( (res = res->ai_next) != NULL);

	if (res == NULL)        /* errno set from final socket() */
		//  err_sys("udp_client error for %s, %s", hostname, service);
		printf("udp_client error for %s, %s", hostname, service);

	*saptr = malloc(res->ai_addrlen);
	memcpy(*saptr, res->ai_addr, res->ai_addrlen);
	*lenptr = res->ai_addrlen;

	freeaddrinfo(ressave);

        return(sockfd);
}

编译及结果如下：