mysql学习笔记之子查询（进阶7）

#进阶7：子查询
/*
含义：
出现在其他语句中的select语句，称为子查询或内查询
外部的查询语句，称为主查询或外查询

分类：
按子查询出现的位置：
select后面：
仅仅支持标量子查询

from后面：
	支持表子查询
where或having后面：★
	标量子查询（单行） √
	列子查询  （多行） √
	
	行子查询
	
exists后面（相关子查询）
	表子查询

按结果集的行列数不同：
标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
列子查询（结果集只有一列多行）
行子查询（结果集有一行多列）
表子查询（结果集一般为多行多列）

*/

#一、where或having后面
/*
1、标量子查询（单行子查询）
2、列子查询（多行子查询）

3、行子查询（多列多行）

特点：
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询，一般搭配着单行操作符使用

< >= <= = <>

列子查询，一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all

④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行，主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果

*/
#1.标量子查询★

#案例1：谁的工资比 Abel 高?

#①查询Abel的工资
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = ‘Abel’

#②查询员工的信息，满足 salary>①结果
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE salary>(

SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel'

);

#案例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名，job_id 和工资

#①查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141

#②查询143号员工的salary
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143

#③查询员工的姓名，job_id 和工资，要求job_id=①并且salary>②

SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = (
SELECT job_id
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 141
) AND salary>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE employee_id = 143

);

#案例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

#①查询公司的 最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees

#②查询last_name,job_id和salary，要求salary=①
SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary=(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
);

#案例4：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

#①查询50号部门的最低工资
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50

#②查询每个部门的最低工资

SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id

#③ 在②基础上筛选，满足min(salary)>①
SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT MIN(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 50

);

#非法使用标量子查询

SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary)>(
SELECT salary
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 250

);

#2.列子查询（多行子查询）★
#案例1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名

#①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)

#②查询员工姓名，要求部门号是①列表中的某一个

SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE department_id <>ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT department_id
FROM departments
WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)

);

#案例2：返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

#①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资

SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG’

#②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary，salary<(①)的任意一个
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ANY(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG’

) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG’;

#或
SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG’

) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG’;

#案例3：返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工 的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<ALL(
SELECT DISTINCT salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG’

) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG’;

#或

SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary<(
SELECT MIN( salary)
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = ‘IT_PROG’

) AND job_id<>‘IT_PROG’;

#3、行子查询（结果集一行多列或多行多列）

#案例：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息

SELECT MIN(employee_id)
FROM employees;

SELECT MAX(salary)
FROM employees;

SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id =
(SELECT
MIN(employee_id)
FROM
employees)
AND salary =
(SELECT
MAX(salary)
FROM
employees) ;

#…等同于…
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE (employee_id, salary) =
(SELECT
MIN(employee_id), MAX(salary)
FROM
employees) ;

#放在select后面
/*
里边只支持标量子查询
/
#案例：查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT
d.,
(SELECT
COUNT(*)
FROM
employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id) 个数
FROM
departments d ;

#案例2：查询员工号 = 102的部门名
USE myemployees;
SELECT
(SELECT
department_name
FROM
departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id =e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id = 102) 部门名 ;

#三、from后面
/*
将子查询当成一张表，要求必须起别名
*/

#案例：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id;

SELECT * FROM job_grades;

SELECT ag_dep.*,g.grade_level
FROM (
SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
FROM employees
GROUP BY department_id
) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;

#四、exists后面（相关子查询）
/*
语法：exists（完整的查询语句）
结果：1或0
*/
SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=3000);

#案例：查询有员工的部门名
SELECT
department_name
FROM
departments d
WHERE d.department_id IN
(SELECT
department_id
FROM
employees) ;

SELECT
department_name
FROM
departments d
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT
*
FROM
employees e
WHERE d.department_id = e.department_id) ;