并发编程的一种编程方式是把任务拆分为一些列的小任务,即Runnable,然后在提交给一个Executor执行,Executor.execute(Runnalbe) 。Executor在执行时使用内部的线程池完成操作。
一、创建线程池
Executors类,提供了一系列工厂方法用于创先线程池,返回的线程池都实现了ExecutorService接口。
public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads)
创建固定数目线程的线程池。
public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool()
创建一个可缓存的线程池,调用execute 将重用以前构造的线程(如果线程可用)。如果现有线程没有可用的,则创建一个新线程并添加到池中。终止并从缓存中移除那些已有 60 秒钟未被使用的线程。
public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor()
创建一个单线程化的Executor。
public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize)
创建一个支持定时及周期性的任务执行的线程池,多数情况下可用来替代Timer类。
Executor executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(10);
Runnable task = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
System.out.println("task over");
}
};
executor.execute(task);
executor = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(10);
ScheduledExecutorService scheduler = (ScheduledExecutorService) executor;
scheduler.scheduleAtFixedRate(task, 10, 10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
二、ExecutorService 与生命周期
ExecutorService 扩展了Executor 并添加了一些生命周期管理的方法。一个Executor 的生命周期有三种状态,运行 ,关闭 ,终止 。Executor 创建时处于运行状态。当调用ExecutorService.shutdown() 后,处于关闭状态,isShutdown() 方法返 回true 。这时,不应该再想Executor 中添加任务,所有已添加的任务执行完毕后,Executor 处于终止状态,isTerminated() 返 回true 。
如果Executor 处于关闭状态,往Executor 提交任务会抛出unchecked exception RejectedExecutionException 。
ExecutorService executorService = (ExecutorService) executor;
while (!executorService.isShutdown()) {
try {
executorService.execute(task);
} catch (RejectedExecutionException ignored) {
}
}
executorService.shutdown();
三、使用Callable ,Future 返回结果
Future<V> 代表一个异步执行的操作,通过get() 方法可以获得操作的结果,如果异步操作还没有完成,则,get() 会使当前 线程阻塞。FutureTask<V> 实现了Future<V> 和Runable<V> 。Callable 代表一个 有返回值得操作。
Callable<Integer> func = new Callable<Integer>(){
public Integer call() throws Exception {
System.out.println("inside callable");
Thread.sleep(1000);
return new Integer(8);
}
};
FutureTask<Integer> futureTask = new FutureTask<Integer>(func);
Thread newThread = new Thread(futureTask);
newThread.start();
try {
System.out.println("blocking here");
Integer result = futureTask.get();
System.out.println(result);
} catch (InterruptedException ignored) {
} catch (ExecutionException ignored) {
}
ExecutoreService 提供了submit() 方法,传递一个Callable ,或Runnable ,返回Future 。如果Executor 后台线程池还没有完成Callable 的计算,这调用返回Future 对象的get() 方法,会阻塞直到计算完成。
例子:并行计算数组的和。
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.Future;
import java.util.concurrent.FutureTask;
public class ConcurrentCalculator {
private ExecutorService exec;
private int cpuCoreNumber;
private List<Future<Long>> tasks = new ArrayList<Future<Long>>();
// 内部类
class SumCalculator implements Callable<Long> {
private int[] numbers;
private int start;
private int end;
public SumCalculator(final int[] numbers, int start, int end) {
this.numbers = numbers;
this.start = start;
this.end = end;
}
public Long call() throws Exception {
Long sum = 0l;
for (int i = start; i < end; i++) {
sum += numbers[i];
}
return sum;
}
}
public ConcurrentCalculator() {
cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber);
}
public Long sum(final int[] numbers) {
// 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务,创建FutureTask并提交到Executor
for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1;
int start = increment * i;
int end = increment * i + increment;
if (end > numbers.length)
end = numbers.length;
SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end);
FutureTask<Long> task = new FutureTask<Long>(subCalc);
tasks.add(task);
if (!exec.isShutdown()) {
exec.submit(task);
}
}
return getResult();
}
/**
*
* 迭代每个只任务,获得部分和,相加返回
*/
public Long getResult() {
Long result = 0l;
for (Future<Long> task : tasks) {
try {
// 如果计算未完成则阻塞
Long subSum = task.get();
result += subSum;
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
return result;
}
public void close() {
exec.shutdown();
}
public static void main(String args[]){
int[] numbers = new int[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11 };
ConcurrentCalculator calc = new ConcurrentCalculator();
Long sum = calc.sum(numbers);
System.out.println(sum);
calc.close();
}
}
四、CompletionService
在刚在的例子中,getResult() 方法的实现过程中,迭代了 FutureTask 的数组,如果任务还没有完成则当前线程会阻塞,如果我们希望 任意字任务完成后就把其结果加到 result 中,而不用依次等待每个任务完成,可以使 CompletionService 。生产者 submit() 执行的 任务。使用者 take() 已完成的任务, 并按照完成这些任务的顺序处理它们的结果 。也就是调用CompletionService 的 take 方法是,会返回按完成顺序放回任务的结果, CompletionService 内部维护了一个 阻塞队列 BlockingQueue ,如果没有任务完成, take() 方法也会阻塞。
修改刚才的例子使用 CompletionService :
import java.util.concurrent.Callable;
import java.util.concurrent.CompletionService;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorCompletionService;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
public class ConcurrentCalculator2 {
private ExecutorService exec;
private CompletionService<Long> completionService;
private int cpuCoreNumber;
// 内部类
class SumCalculator implements Callable<Long> {
SumCalculator(int[] i, int x, int y) {// do something
}
public Long call() throws Exception {
return null;
}
}
public ConcurrentCalculator2() {
cpuCoreNumber = Runtime.getRuntime().availableProcessors();
exec = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(cpuCoreNumber);
completionService = new ExecutorCompletionService<Long>(exec);
}
public Long sum(final int[] numbers) {
// 根据CPU核心个数拆分任务,创建FutureTask并提交到Executor
for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
int increment = numbers.length / cpuCoreNumber + 1;
int start = increment * i;
int end = increment * i + increment;
if (end > numbers.length)
end = numbers.length;
SumCalculator subCalc = new SumCalculator(numbers, start, end);
if (!exec.isShutdown()) {
completionService.submit(subCalc);
}
}
return getResult();
}
/**
*
* 迭代每个只任务,获得部分和,相加返回
*/
public Long getResult() {
Long result = 0l;
for (int i = 0; i < cpuCoreNumber; i++) {
try {
Long subSum = completionService.take().get();
result += subSum;
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (ExecutionException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
return result;
}
public void close() {
exec.shutdown();
}
}