how do i rotate a matrix transformation with a centered origin

Let xc, yc be the coordinates of the center of the rectangle.

1. Translate your points such that the center is the new origin:

   xt = x1 - xc;
   yt = y1 - yc;
   

2. Rotate around the origin by the angle a:

   c = cos(a); // compute trig. functions only once
   s = sin(a);
   xr = xt * c - yt * s;
   yr = xt * s + yt * c;
   

3. Translate points back:

   x2 = xr + xc;
   y2 = yr + yc;
   

If you do this for all 4 corners of the rectangle and then draw lines between the transformed corners, you get the rotated rectangle. The rotation angle  a  is measured from the x-axis ( 0 ) to to the y-axis ( π/2 ). In 2D graphic libraries the x-axis goes to the right and the y-axis goes down, such that the angle  +35∘  corresponds to your figure.