第一个Django App（二）

Database setup 数据库安装

1、mysite/settings.py中，Django 2.0默认配置数据库为sqlite3.

# Database
# https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/#databases


DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
        'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),
    }
}

2、mysite/settings.py中，设置TIME_ZONE.

TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'

3、INSTATLLED_APPS保存在该Django例子中所有Django应用的名字。APPS可在多个项目中使用，你可以打包和分发这些应用到其他项目中。

# Application definition


INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'django.contrib.admin',     //admin站点，你将马上使用的。
    'django.contrib.auth',       //身份验证系统
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',//内容类型框架
    'django.contrib.sessions',    //session（会话）框架
    'django.contrib.messages', //消息框架
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',  //管理静态文件的框架
]

生成数据库表

python manage.py migrate

migrate命令查找INSTALLED_APPS设置，并根据mysite的数据库设置（mysite/settings.py中）生成任意必要的数据库表以及跟着APP一起迁移数据库。

python3中如何命令行方式看sqlite3数据库？（待学习补充）

migrate命令仅为mysite/settings.py中INSTALLED_APPS有的apps做迁移。

Creating models 创建模型

创建模型，数据库分层，附加的元数据

在简单的poll app中，创建两个模型：Question 和 Choice。

Question有一个question和一个发布日期。

Choice有两个域：选择的文本和计票结果。

每一个Choice域一个Question关联。

polls/models.py

from django.db import models


# Create your models here.


class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')


class Choice(models.Model):
question = models.ForeignKey(Question,
on_delete=models.CASCADE)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)

Activating models 激活模式

给这个app生成数据库模式（CREATE TABLE声明）

为Question和Choice对象生成一个Python可访问的API

但首先我们需要告诉项目polls app安装了。

要在project中包含app，需要在INSTALL_APPS设置中为他的配置类增加引用。PollsConfig类在polls/apps.py文件中。其.路径是‘polls.apps.PollsConfig’.编辑mysite/settings.py文件并增加这个.路径到INSTALLED_APPS配置中，如下：

mysite/settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'polls.apps.PollsConfig'，
    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]

这样，Django知道包含polls app。下面运行另一个命令：

python manage.py makemigrations polls

root@imhqq-Lenovo-H5050:/home/imhqq/share/django_dev/mysite# python manage.py makemigrations polls
Migrations for 'polls':
  polls/migrations/0001_initial.py
    - Create model Choice
    - Create model Question
    - Add field question to choice

通过运行makemigrations，将告诉Django你已经对模式做了一些改动（本例中，生成一个新的模式），这样将改动保存为一个migration（迁移）。

迁移描述的是Django如何保存对模式的改动，迁移仅仅是磁盘上的文件。

polls/migrations/0001_initial.py

# Generated by Django 2.0 on 2017-12-30 06:42


from django.db import migrations, models
import django.db.models.deletion




class Migration(migrations.Migration):


    initial = True


    dependencies = [
    ]


    operations = [
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='Choice',
            fields=[
                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
                ('choice_text', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
                ('votes', models.IntegerField(default=0)),
            ],
        ),
        migrations.CreateModel(
            name='Question',
            fields=[
                ('id', models.AutoField(auto_created=True, primary_key=True, serialize=False, verbose_name='ID')),
                ('question_text', models.CharField(max_length=200)),
                ('pub_date', models.DateTimeField(verbose_name='date published')),
            ],
        ),
        migrations.AddField(
            model_name='choice',
            name='question',
            field=models.ForeignKey(on_delete=django.db.models.deletion.CASCADE, to='polls.Question'),
        ),
    ]

迁移设计成人可编辑方式，万一想要手动轻微调整Django是如何改变事情的。

migrate命令用于运行迁移及自动管理数据库架构。

sqlmigrate命令输入需要迁移的名字，返回SQL。

python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001

root@imhqq-Lenovo-H5050:/home/imhqq/share/django_dev/mysite# python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
BEGIN;
--
-- Create model Choice
--
CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL);
--
-- Create model Question
--
CREATE TABLE "polls_question" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "question_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "pub_date" datetime NOT NULL);
--
-- Add field question to choice
--
ALTER TABLE "polls_choice" RENAME TO "polls_choice__old";
CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL, "question_id" integer NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_question" ("id") DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED);
INSERT INTO "polls_choice" ("question_id", "id", "choice_text", "votes") SELECT NULL, "id", "choice_text", "votes" FROM "polls_choice__old";
DROP TABLE "polls_choice__old";
CREATE INDEX "polls_choice_question_id_c5b4b260" ON "polls_choice" ("question_id");
COMMIT;

表名通过结合app（polls)名字与模式-question和choice的低阶名称产生。（可重载）

Primary keys(IDs)自动添加（可重载）。

Django附加“_id”到foreign  key域名中（可重载）。

sqlmigration命令不会实际在你的数据库运行迁移，仅仅将此打印到屏幕上。

也可运行python manage.py check.

再次运行migrate，在数据库中生成那些模式表。

root@imhqq-Lenovo-H5050:/home/imhqq/share/django_dev/mysite# python manage.py check
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).

三步阐述模式改变：

1、在models.py中改变模式；

2、运行python manage.py makemigrations来为这些改变生成迁移；

3、运行python manage.py migrate来应用这些改变到数据库。

Playing with the API （玩转API）

绕过manage.py

进入python shell：

python manage.py shell或者输入python

root@imhqq-Lenovo-H5050:/home/imhqq/share/django_dev/mysite# python
Python 3.5.2 (default, Nov 17 2016, 17:05:23)
[GCC 5.4.0 20160609] on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import django
>>> django.setup()
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/django/__init__.py", line 19, in setup
    configure_logging(settings.LOGGING_CONFIG, settings.LOGGING)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/django/conf/__init__.py", line 56, in __getattr__
    self._setup(name)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python3.5/dist-packages/django/conf/__init__.py", line 41, in _setup
    % (desc, ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE))
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Requested setting LOGGING_CONFIG, but settings are not configured. You must either define the environment variable DJANGO_SETTINGS_MODULE or call settings.configure() before accessing settings.
>>>

编辑Question模式（在polls/models.py文件中），为Question和Choice增加__str__()方法。

polls/models.py

import datetime


from django.db import models
from django.utils import timezone


# Create your models here.


class Question(models.Model):
question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
def __str__(self):
return self.question_text
def was_published_recently(self)://增加自定义方法
return self.pub_date >= timezone_now()-datetime.timedelta(days=1)


class Choice(models.Model):
question = models.ForeignKey(Question,
on_delete=models.CASCADE)
choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
def __str__(self):
return self.choice_text

给样式添加__str__()方法很重要，不仅处理交互式提示式时自己方便，也

由于对象的表示应用贯穿于Django自动生成的admin.

Django Admin介绍

1、创建一个admin user

root@imhqq-Lenovo-H5050:/home/imhqq/share/django_dev/mysite# python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'root'): root
Email address: xxxxxx@163.com
Password:
Password (again):
This password is too short. It must contain at least 8 characters.
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.

2、启动开发服务器

web浏览器中输入

http://127.0.0.1:8000/admin/.

root@imhqq-Lenovo-H5050:/home/imhqq/share/django_dev/mysite# python manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...


System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
December 30, 2017 - 12:55:15
Django version 2.0, using settings 'mysite.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:18] "GET /polls/ HTTP/1.1" 200 40
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:19] "GET /polls/ HTTP/1.1" 200 40
Not Found: /
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:27] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 404 2027
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:36] "GET /admin/ HTTP/1.1" 302 0
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:36] "GET /admin/login/?next=/admin/ HTTP/1.1" 200 1855
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:36] "GET /static/admin/css/login.css HTTP/1.1" 304 0
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:36] "GET /static/admin/css/responsive.css HTTP/1.1" 304 0
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:36] "GET /static/admin/css/base.css HTTP/1.1" 304 0
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:36] "GET /static/admin/css/fonts.css HTTP/1.1" 304 0
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:36] "GET /static/admin/fonts/Roboto-Regular-webfont.woff HTTP/1.1" 304 0
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:36] "GET /static/admin/fonts/Roboto-Light-webfont.woff HTTP/1.1" 304 0
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:43] "POST /admin/login/?next=/admin/ HTTP/1.1" 302 0
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:43] "GET /admin/ HTTP/1.1" 200 2983
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:43] "GET /static/admin/css/dashboard.css HTTP/1.1" 200 412
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:43] "GET /static/admin/img/icon-addlink.svg HTTP/1.1" 200 331
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:43] "GET /static/admin/img/icon-changelink.svg HTTP/1.1" 200 380
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:43] "GET /static/admin/fonts/Roboto-Bold-webfont.woff HTTP/1.1" 304 0
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /admin/auth/group/ HTTP/1.1" 200 3583
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /static/admin/css/changelists.css HTTP/1.1" 200 6170
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /static/admin/js/core.js HTTP/1.1" 200 7134
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /static/admin/js/jquery.init.js HTTP/1.1" 200 363
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /static/admin/js/admin/RelatedObjectLookups.js HTTP/1.1" 200 6897
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /static/admin/js/actions.js HTTP/1.1" 200 6502
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /static/admin/js/prepopulate.js HTTP/1.1" 200 1538
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /admin/jsi18n/ HTTP/1.1" 200 3185
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /static/admin/js/urlify.js HTTP/1.1" 200 8729
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /static/admin/js/vendor/jquery/jquery.js HTTP/1.1" 200 258648
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /static/admin/js/vendor/xregexp/xregexp.js HTTP/1.1" 200 128820
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /static/admin/img/search.svg HTTP/1.1" 200 458
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:50] "GET /static/admin/img/tooltag-add.svg HTTP/1.1" 200 331
[30/Dec/2017 12:55:54] "GET /admin/ HTTP/1.1" 200 2983

3、让admin中的poll app可修改

就做一件事：告诉admin，Question对象有一个admin接口。

polls/admin.py文件修改：

from django.contrib import admin


# Register your models here.
from .models import Question


admin.site.register(Question)

4、Explore the free admin functionally