一些小的语法知识3

You have a sequence of items, and you’d like to determine the most frequently occurring items in the sequence.
The collections.Counter class is designed for just such a problem. It even comes with a handy most_common() method that will give you the answer.
To illustrate, let’s say you have a list of words and you want to find out which words occur most often. Here’s how you would do it:

words=['look', 'into', 'my', 'eyes', 'look', 'into', 'my', 'eyes','the', 'eyes', 'the', 'eyes', 'the', 'eyes', 'not', 'around', 'the','eyes', "don't", 'look', 'around', 'the', 'eyes', 'look', 'into','my', 'eyes', "you're", 'under']

from collections import Counter
word_counts = Counter(words)
top_three = word_counts.most_common(3)
print(top_three)
# Outputs [('eyes', 8), ('the', 5), ('look', 4)]

You have a list of dictionaries and you would like to sort the entries according to one or more of the dictionary values.
Sorting this type of structure is easy using the operator module’s itemgetter function. Let’s say you’ve queried a database table to get a listing of the members on your website, and you receive the following data structure in return:

rows = [
    {'fname': 'Brian', 'lname': 'Jones', 'uid': 1003},
    {'fname': 'David', 'lname': 'Beazley', 'uid': 1002},
    {'fname': 'John', 'lname': 'Cleese', 'uid': 1001},
    {'fname': 'Big', 'lname': 'Jones', 'uid': 1004}
]

It’s fairly easy to output these rows ordered by any of the fields common to all of the dictionaries. For example:

from operator import itemgetter

rows_by_fname = sorted(rows, key=itemgetter('fname'))
rows_by_uid = sorted(rows, key=itemgetter('uid'))

print(rows_by_fname)
print(rows_by_uid)

The preceding code would output the following:

[{'fname': 'Big', 'uid': 1004, 'lname': 'Jones'},
{'fname': 'Brian', 'uid': 1003, 'lname': 'Jones'},
 {'fname': 'David', 'uid': 1002, 'lname': 'Beazley'},
 {'fname': 'John', 'uid': 1001, 'lname': 'Cleese'}]

[{'fname': 'John', 'uid': 1001, 'lname': 'Cleese'},
 {'fname': 'David', 'uid': 1002, 'lname': 'Beazley'},
 {'fname': 'Brian', 'uid': 1003, 'lname': 'Jones'},
 {'fname': 'Big', 'uid': 1004, 'lname': 'Jones'}]

The itemgetter() function can also accept multiple keys. For example, this code

rows_by_lfname = sorted(rows, key=itemgetter('lname','fname'))
print(rows_by_lfname)

Produces output like this:

[{'fname': 'David', 'uid': 1002, 'lname': 'Beazley'},
 {'fname': 'John', 'uid': 1001, 'lname': 'Cleese'},
 {'fname': 'Big', 'uid': 1004, 'lname': 'Jones'},
 {'fname': 'Brian', 'uid': 1003, 'lname': 'Jones'}]

The functionality of itemgetter() is sometimes replaced by lambda expressions. For example:

rows_by_fname = sorted(rows, key=lambda r: r['fname'])

Last, but not least, don’t forget that the technique shown in this recipe can be applied to functions such as min() and max(). For example:

>>> min(rows, key=itemgetter('uid'))
{'fname': 'John', 'lname': 'Cleese', 'uid': 1001}
>>> max(rows, key=itemgetter('uid'))
{'fname': 'Big', 'lname': 'Jones', 'uid': 1004}
>>>