开发Java Web项目时,如果不采用Struts、WebWork、SpringMVC等MVC框架,而使用原始的Servlet API时,该怎么开发呢?
Struts 1.x采用了一个有“总控制器”作用的Servlet处理所有的请求,而Struts 2.x则采用了Filter。两者各有优缺点。我个人比较喜欢Struts2的一种URI约定形式,类似于“.../member!add.action ”、“.../abc/articles!list.action”的形式。在这里,我们本例也采取了Struts2的这种URI约定形式。即:
目录/目录/.../类名!方法名.后缀
我们也采用Struts2的Filter主控方式,开发一个javax.servlet.Filter的子类,用来处理所有请求,再在这个Filter里获取访问的URI,从URI字符串中提取业务实体类和访问方法,然后根据Java的反射API,动态地创建类对象,动态地执行相应的业务方法。这个Filter我命名为"org.mvcgo.filter.ControllerFilter"。
在web.xml文件中,配置这个Filter,代码如下:
<filter> <filter-name>ControllerFilter</filter-name> <filter-class>org.mvcgo.filter.ControllerFilter</filter-class> <init-param> <param-name>suffix</param-name> <param-value>go</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>encoding</param-name> <param-value>utf-8</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>package</param-name> <param-value>org.mvcgo.action</param-value> </init-param> </filter> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>ControllerFilter</filter-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </filter-mapping>
上面的代码中,ControllerFilter内置参数suffix、encoding分别表示URI的后缀和编码,package表示“根包”,所谓“根包”,这是学习了Struts2的URI命名规则,如上面配置的"org.mvcgo.action",若有个Action类名为"org.mvcgo.action.infos.MemberGo.java",则相应的访问路径为.../PROJECT_NAME/infos/member.go。这个参数都会在我写的"org.mvcgo.filter.ControllerFilter"类中用到。
下面,我们来分析一下“org.mvcgo.filter.ControllerFilter”类,类的头部代码如下:
package org.mvcgo.filter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.lang.reflect.InvocationTargetException;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import javax.servlet.Filter;
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.mvcgo.action.BaseGo;
import org.mvcgo.utils.StringUtil;
public class ControllerFilter implements Filter{...}
在ControllerFilter里定义的成员属性如下:
private FilterConfig filterConfig;
//配置ControllerFilter时,对应于init-param中的param-name
private static final String SUFFIX_NAME = "suffix"; //前缀的"param-name"
private static final String ENCODING_NAME = "encoding"; //编码的"param-name"
private static final String PACKAGE_NAME = "package"; //Go的基包的"param-name"
//init-param的默认初始化值
private String SUFFIX_VALUE_DEFAULT = "go"; //默认前缀
private String ENCODING_VALUE_DEFAULT = "UTF-8"; //默认编码
private String PACKAGE_VALUE_DEFAULT;
重写Filter的init方法,执行初始化:
/**
* 重写Filter的init方法,执行初始化操作
*/
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
this.filterConfig = filterConfig;
//初始化Go访问的后缀
String suffix = filterConfig.getInitParameter(SUFFIX_NAME);
if(null != suffix && !"".equals(suffix)) {
this.SUFFIX_VALUE_DEFAULT = suffix;
}
//初始化编码
String encoding = filterConfig.getInitParameter(ENCODING_NAME);
if(null != encoding && !"".equals(encoding)){
this.ENCODING_VALUE_DEFAULT = encoding;
}
//初始化Go类的基包
String basePackage = filterConfig.getInitParameter(PACKAGE_NAME);
if(null != basePackage && !"".equals(basePackage)) {
this.PACKAGE_VALUE_DEFAULT = basePackage;
} else {
throw new ControllerDeployException("读取web.xml中ControllerFilter的初始化参数失败,请检查" + PACKAGE_NAME + "是否配置正确...");
}
}
初始化完后,会自动执行doFilter方法,代码如下:
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException, ServletException {
//强制转换request和response
HttpServletRequest httpRequest = (HttpServletRequest) request;
HttpServletResponse httpResponse = (HttpServletResponse) response;
//设置HttpServletRequest的编码格式
httpRequest.setCharacterEncoding(ENCODING_VALUE_DEFAULT);
//获取请求的URI,如请求http://127.0.0.1:8080/mvcgo/info/user!save.go?id=7,会得到"/mvcgo/info/user!save.go"
String requestURI = httpRequest.getRequestURI();
System.out.println("url = " + requestURI);
if(requestURI.endsWith("." + SUFFIX_VALUE_DEFAULT)) {
String packageClassName = PACKAGE_VALUE_DEFAULT; //包类名,即类的全名
String[] segs = requestURI.split("/");
for(int i = 2 ; i < segs.length - 1 ; i++) {
packageClassName = packageClassName + "." + segs[i];
}
String classMethodSuffix = segs[segs.length - 1];
String classMethod = classMethodSuffix.substring(0, classMethodSuffix.lastIndexOf("." + SUFFIX_VALUE_DEFAULT));
String className = null; //业务类名
String methodName = null; //方法名
if(classMethod.indexOf("!") != -1) {
String[] methodNamesArray = classMethod.split("!");
className = methodNamesArray[0];
methodName = methodNamesArray[1];
} else {
className = classMethod;
}
//格式化并构建Go类的类名
className = StringUtil.upFirstChar(className) + StringUtil.upFirstChar(SUFFIX_VALUE_DEFAULT.toLowerCase()); //首字母大写
packageClassName = packageClassName + "." + className;
try {
Class c = Class.forName(packageClassName);
Method[] methods = c.getMethods();
Object target = c.newInstance();
//业务的Go类,支持继承BaseGo和为不继承BaseDao的两种方式
if(target instanceof BaseGo) { //如果该类继承了BaseGo父类
Method method = c.getMethod(methodName);
Method initMethod = c.getSuperclass().getMethod("initHttpServlet", HttpServletRequest.class, HttpServletResponse.class);
//执行BaseGo初始化
initMethod.invoke(target, httpRequest, httpResponse);
//执行Go类的业务方法
method.invoke(target);
} else { //不继承BaseGo父类的情况
Method method = c.getMethod(methodName, HttpServletRequest.class, HttpServletResponse.class);
//执行Go类的业务方法
method.invoke(target, httpRequest, httpResponse);
}
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
throw new GoNotFoundException("Go类:"+ packageClassName +"找不到", e);
} catch (InstantiationException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IllegalArgumentException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (SecurityException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}
} else {
chain.doFilter(request, response);
}
}
从上面的代码可看到,我们的业务BaseGo类支持两种形式,有不继承Go类的情况,如:
package org.mvcgo.action.school;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class StudentGo {
public void add(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response){
System.out.println("student " + request.getQueryString());
}
public void save(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response){
String category = request.getParameter("category");
System.out.println(category);
response.sendRedirect("../test01.jsp");
}
}
上面的代码中,每个业务方法,都在ControllerFilter类中注入了HttpServletRequest和HttpServletResponse,这样,我们就可以方便地利用Servlet的API来处理我们网页请求了。
为了实现更方便的Go编码,于是开发一个可重用的BaseGo类,代码如下:
package org.mvcgo.action;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.mvcgo.utils.ParameterFilter;
public class BaseGo {
protected HttpServletRequest request;
protected HttpServletResponse response;
public void initHttpServlet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Class clazz, Method method) {
this.request = request;
this.response = response;
}
}
这时,我们的StudentGo类,继承这个BaseGo,那些业务方法,可直接写成如下形式,而无须带参数。
public void add() throws IOException{
System.out.println("student " + request.getQueryString());
}
public void save() throws IOException{
String category = request.getParameter("category");
System.out.println(category);
response.sendRedirect("../test01.jsp");
}
本例,运行服务器,在浏览器中访问时路径为
.../PROJECT_NAME(项目名)/school/student!add.go
.../PROJECT_NAME(项目名)/school/student!save.go
本例小小的代码,无以跟Struts、WebWork待这些大框架比美,仅演示了在脱离大框架的情况下,用Servlet、Filter等原始的J2EE API开发Java Web项目时的一种方案,其中ControllerFilter、BaseGo等类都可继续开发扩充更多功能,以方便Web开发者的使用。