【Android Basic Training - 02】基本网络操作 [ Lesson 2 - 管理网络连接的常用方法 ]

于 2012-05-07 13:43:00 发布
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文章标签： 移动开发 ui


Managing Network Usage [管理网络的惯用法]


Check a Device's Network Connection [检查设备的网络连接信息]

  • 设备可以有许多种网络连接。关于所有可能的网络连接类型，请看ConnectivityManager.
  • 通常Wi-Fi是比较快的。移动数据通常都是需要按流量计费，会比较贵。[说起这个，大陆的运营商实在太黑了]. 通常我们会选择让app在连接到WiFi时去获取大量的数据。
  • 那么，我们就需要在执行网络操作之前检查当前连接的网络信息。这样可以防止你的程序不经意连接使用了非意向的网络频道。为了实现这个目的，我们需要使用到下面两个类：
    • ConnectivityManager: Answers queries about the state of network connectivity. It also notifies applications when network connectivity changes.
    • NetworkInfo: Describes the status of a network interface of a given type (currently either Mobile or Wi-Fi).
  • 下面示例了检查WiFi与Mobile是否连接上(请注意available与isConnected的区别)：
private static final String DEBUG_TAG = "NetworkStatusExample";
...   
ConnectivityManager connMgr = (ConnectivityManager) 
    getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
NetworkInfo networkInfo = connMgr.getNetworkInfo(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI); 
boolean isWifiConn = networkInfo.isConnected();
networkInfo = connMgr.getNetworkInfo(ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE);
boolean isMobileConn = networkInfo.isConnected();
Log.d(DEBUG_TAG, "Wifi connected: " + isWifiConn);
Log.d(DEBUG_TAG, "Mobile connected: " + isMobileConn);
  • 一个更简单的检查网络是否可用的示例如下：
public boolean isOnline() {
  ConnectivityManager connMgr = (ConnectivityManager) 
      getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
  NetworkInfo networkInfo = connMgr.getActiveNetworkInfo();
  return (networkInfo != null && networkInfo.isConnected());
}

Manage Network Usage [管理网络使用]

  • 你可以实现一个偏好设置的activity ，来允许用户设置程序的网络资源的使用。例如:
    • 你可以允许用户在仅仅连接到WiFi时上传视频。
    • 你可以根据诸如网络可用等条件来选择是否做同步的操作。
  • 网络操作需要添加下面的权限：
  • 你可以为你的设置Activity声明intent filter for theACTION_MANAGE_NETWORK_USAGEaction (introduced in Android 4.0),这样你的这个activity就可以提供数据控制的选项了。在章节概览提供的Sample中，这个action ishandled by the classSettingsActivity, 它提供了偏好设置UI来让用户决定何时进行下载。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
  package="com.example.android.networkusage"
  ...>

  <uses-sdk android:minSdkVersion="4" 
     android:targetSdkVersion="14" />
    
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
  <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_NETWORK_STATE" />

  <application
    ...>
    ...
    <activity android:label="SettingsActivity" android:name=".SettingsActivity">
      <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.MANAGE_NETWORK_USAGE" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
     </intent-filter>
    </activity>
  </application>
</manifest>

Implement a Preferences Activity [实现一个偏好设置activity]

  • 正如上面看到的那样，SettingsActivityis a subclass ofPreferenceActivity.
  • 所实现的功能见下图：

  • 下面是一个SettingsActivity. 请注意它实现了OnSharedPreferenceChangeListener. 当用户改变了他的偏好，就会触发onSharedPreferenceChanged(), 这个方法会设置refreshDisplay为true[这里的变量存在于自己定义的activity，见下一部分的代码示例]. 这会使的当用户返回到main activity的时候进行refresh。[请注意，代码中的注释，不得不说，Googler写的Code看起来就是舒服]
public class SettingsActivity extends PreferenceActivity implements OnSharedPreferenceChangeListener {
  
  @Override
  protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    
    // Loads the XML preferences file
    addPreferencesFromResource(R.xml.preferences);
  }
 
  @Override
  protected void onResume() {
    super.onResume();

    // Registers a listener whenever a key changes      
    getPreferenceScreen().getSharedPreferences().registerOnSharedPreferenceChangeListener(this);
  }
 
  @Override
  protected void onPause() {
    super.onPause();

   // Unregisters the listener set in onResume().
   // It's best practice to unregister listeners when your app isn't using them to cut down on 
   // unnecessary system overhead. You do this in onPause().      
   getPreferenceScreen().getSharedPreferences().unregisterOnSharedPreferenceChangeListener(this);  
  }
 
  // When the user changes the preferences selection, 
  // onSharedPreferenceChanged() restarts the main activity as a new
  // task. Sets the the refreshDisplay flag to "true" to indicate that 
  // the main activity should update its display.
  // The main activity queries the PreferenceManager to get the latest settings.
  
  @Override
  public void onSharedPreferenceChanged(SharedPreferences sharedPreferences, String key) {  
    // Sets refreshDisplay to true so that when the user returns to the main
    // activity, the display refreshes to reflect the new settings.
    NetworkActivity.refreshDisplay = true;
  }
}

Respond to Preference Changes [对偏好改变进行响应]

  • 当用户在设置界面改变了偏好，它通常都会对app的行为产生影响。
  • 在下面的代码示例中，app会在onStart(). 方法里面检查偏好设置。如果设置的类型与当前设备的网络连接类型相一致，那么程序就会下载数据并刷新显示。(for example, if the setting is"Wi-Fi"and the device has a Wi-Fi connection)。[这是一个很好的代码示例，如何选择合适的网络类型进行下载操作]
public class NetworkActivity extends Activity {
  public static final String WIFI = "Wi-Fi";
  public static final String ANY = "Any";
  private static final String URL = "http://stackoverflow.com/feeds/tag?tagnames=android&sort=newest";
 
  // Whether there is a Wi-Fi connection.
  private static boolean wifiConnected = false; 
  // Whether there is a mobile connection.
  private static boolean mobileConnected = false;
  // Whether the display should be refreshed.
  public static boolean refreshDisplay = true;
  
  // The user's current network preference setting.
  public static String sPref = null;
  
  // The BroadcastReceiver that tracks network connectivity changes.
  private NetworkReceiver receiver = new NetworkReceiver();
  
  @Override
  public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
    super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
    
    // Registers BroadcastReceiver to track network connection changes.
    IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(ConnectivityManager.CONNECTIVITY_ACTION);
    receiver = new NetworkReceiver();
    this.registerReceiver(receiver, filter);
  }
  
  @Override 
  public void onDestroy() {
    super.onDestroy();
    // Unregisters BroadcastReceiver when app is destroyed.
    if (receiver != null) {
      this.unregisterReceiver(receiver);
    }
  }
  
  // Refreshes the display if the network connection and the
  // pref settings allow it.
  
  @Override
  public void onStart () {
    super.onStart(); 
    
    // Gets the user's network preference settings
    SharedPreferences sharedPrefs = PreferenceManager.getDefaultSharedPreferences(this);
    
    // Retrieves a string value for the preferences. The second parameter
    // is the default value to use if a preference value is not found.
    sPref = sharedPrefs.getString("listPref", "Wi-Fi");

    updateConnectedFlags(); 
   
    if(refreshDisplay){
      loadPage();  
    }
  }
  
  // Checks the network connection and sets the wifiConnected and mobileConnected
  // variables accordingly. 
  public void updateConnectedFlags() {
    ConnectivityManager connMgr = (ConnectivityManager) 
        getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
    
    NetworkInfo activeInfo = connMgr.getActiveNetworkInfo();
    if (activeInfo != null && activeInfo.isConnected()) {
      wifiConnected = activeInfo.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI;
      mobileConnected = activeInfo.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_MOBILE;
    } else {
      wifiConnected = false;
      mobileConnected = false;
    } 
  }
   
  // Uses AsyncTask subclass to download the XML feed from stackoverflow.com.
  public void loadPage() {
    if (((sPref.equals(ANY)) && (wifiConnected || mobileConnected))
        || ((sPref.equals(WIFI)) && (wifiConnected))) {
      // AsyncTask subclass
      new DownloadXmlTask().execute(URL);
    } else {
      showErrorPage();
    }
  }
...
  
}

Detect Connection Changes [监测网络连接的改变]

  • 最后一部分是关于BroadcastReceiver的子类：NetworkReceiver. 当设备网络连接改变时，NetworkReceiver会监听到CONNECTIVITY_ACTION, 这时需要判断当前网络连接类型并相应的设置好wifiConnected与mobileConnected.
  • 我们需要控制好BroadcastReceiver的使用，不必要的声明注册会浪费系统资源。通常是在onCreate()去registers 这个BroadcastReceiver，在onPause()或者onDestroy()时unregisters它。这样做会比直接在manifest里面直接注册<receiver>更轻量. 当你在manifest里面注册了一个<receiver>，你的程序可以在任何时候被唤醒, 即使你已经好几个星期没有使用这个程序了。而通过前面的办法进行注册，可以确保用户离开你的程序之后，不会因为那个Broadcast而被唤起。如果你确保知道何时需要使用到它，你可以在合适的地方使用setComponentEnabledSetting()来开启或者关闭它。
public class NetworkReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {  
   
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
  ConnectivityManager conn = (ConnectivityManager)
    context.getSystemService(Context.CONNECTIVITY_SERVICE);
  NetworkInfo networkInfo = conn.getActiveNetworkInfo();
   
  // Checks the user prefs and the network connection. Based on the result, decides whether
  // to refresh the display or keep the current display.
  // If the userpref is Wi-Fi only, checks to see if the device has a Wi-Fi connection.
  if (WIFI.equals(sPref) && networkInfo != null && networkInfo.getType() == ConnectivityManager.TYPE_WIFI) {
    // If device has its Wi-Fi connection, sets refreshDisplay
    // to true. This causes the display to be refreshed when the user
    // returns to the app.
    refreshDisplay = true;
    Toast.makeText(context, R.string.wifi_connected, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();

  // If the setting is ANY network and there is a network connection
  // (which by process of elimination would be mobile), sets refreshDisplay to true.
  } else if (ANY.equals(sPref) && networkInfo != null) {
    refreshDisplay = true;
        
  // Otherwise, the app can't download content--either because there is no network
  // connection (mobile or Wi-Fi), or because the pref setting is WIFI, and there 
  // is no Wi-Fi connection.
  // Sets refreshDisplay to false.
  } else {
    refreshDisplay = false;
    Toast.makeText(context, R.string.lost_connection, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show();
  }
}



学习自：http://developer.android.com/training/basics/network-ops/managing.html，请多指教，谢谢！

转载请注明作者与出自：http://blog.csdn.net/kesenhoo，谢谢配合！





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