死锁产生的原因是多个线程在同步(synchronized)中使用不同的锁,因而线程都因相互抢夺CPU资源而挂起,即产生死锁,以下是代码示例:
例程1:
下面的代码中因为同步相互嵌套,在同步函数和同步代码块中相互调用,前者的锁是className.class字节码文件,后者的锁是this Lock ,故死锁发生;
/*
@author Kallen Ding
*/
class Ticket implements Runnable
{
private int tick = 1000;
Object obj = new Object();
boolean flag = true;
public void run()
{
if(flag)
{
while(true)
{
synchronized(obj)
{
show();
}
}
}
else
while(true)
{
show();
}
}
public synchronized void show()
{
synchronized(obj)
{
if(tick>0)
{
try{Thread.sleep(10);}
catch(Exception e){}
System.out.println(
Thread.currentThread().
getName()+"------SyncCodes:"
+tick--);
}
}
}
}
class DeadLockDemo
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Ticket t = new Ticket();
Thread t1 = new Thread(t);
Thread t2 = new Thread(t);
t1.start();
try{Thread.sleep(10);}
catch(Exception e){}
t.flag = false;
t2.start();
}
}
例程2:
下面的代码在MyLock 中一开始就new了两个锁,故而必然挂起;
class Test implements Runnable
{
private boolean flag;
Test(boolean flag)
{
this.flag = flag;
}
public void run()
{
if(flag)
{
while(true)
{
synchronized(MyLock.lock_a)
{
System.out.println("if----lock_a");
synchronized(MyLock.lock_b)
{
System.out.println("if----lock_b");
}
}
}
}
else
{
while(true)
{
synchronized(MyLock.lock_b)
{
System.out.println("else----lock_b");
synchronized(MyLock.lock_a)
{
System.out.println("else----lock_a");
}
}
}
}
}
}
class MyLock
{
static Object lock_a = new Object();
static Object lock_b = new Object();
}
class DeadLockTest
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Test(true));
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Test(false));
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
了解了死锁的产生原理,对于防止死锁的发生就很容易了,结合同步的几个原则:
1、保证有两个及以上的线程(否则就是单线程了,没有讨论意义);
2、确保多个线程共用一个锁(很关键的);
当然,在JKD1.5以后,同步会被Condition取代,这会在后续再谈。