Networking Quick Reference

Networking Quick Reference

1 second = 1,000 milliseconds (msec)

1 second = 1,000,000 microseconds (µsec)

1 second = 1,000,000,000 nanoseconds (nsec)

1 bps = 1 bit per second

1 Kbps = 1,000 bits per second

1 Mbps = 1,000,000 bits per second

1 Hz = 1 cycle per second

1 KHz = 1,000 Hz

1 MHz = 1,000,000 HZ

Speed of light (c)

in vacuum: 3 x 10⁸meters/sec

in copper wire: 2.3 x 10⁸meters/sec

in optical fiber: 2 x 10⁸meters/sec

Well-known Ports

7 – echo

20 – FTP data connection

21 – FTP connection-control

23 – telnet

25 – SMTP

53 – DNS

79 – finger

80 – HTTP daemon

110 – POP3

143 – IMAP

Well Known Ports range: 0 - 1023

Registered Ports range: 1024 - 49151

Dynamic and/or Private Ports range: 49152 - 65535

IEEE Network Standards

802.3 – Uses Length field instead of Type

Ethernet – (DIX Ethernet or Ethernet II) uses Type field instead of Length

802.5 – Token Ring

802.11 – Wireless

802.11a – Uses OFDM

802.11b – Uses HR-DSS

802.11g – Enhanced 802.11b using OFDM

802.15 – Bluetooth (physical and data link layers)

802.16 – Wireless MAN

OSI Reference Model

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport (segments,datagrams)

Network (packets)

Data link (frames)

Physical

Networking Equations

·Propagation delay = distance traveled / propagation speed

·Transmission delay = # of bytes to transfer / transmission speed (or bandwidth)

·Signal-to-noise ratio (dB)= 10 log₁₀(S/N)

·Attenuation in decibels = 10 log₁₀(Transmitted power/received power)

·NyquistTheorem : Maximum data rate = 2 H log₂V bits/secwhere H is in Hz and V is # of levels

·Shannon’s Result : Maximum number of bits/sec = H log₂(1+S/N)where H is in Hz

·Pure ALOHAthroughputT = Ge^-2GMax throughput occurs at G = 0.5

T = throughput per frame timee = 2.718

G = attempts per packet time

Throughput in bits per sec = T x transmission speed

Vulnerable period = 2 x frame transmission time

·Slotted ALOHAthroughputT=Ge^-GMax throughput occurs at G = 1

·TCP round-trip time

RTT = α RTT_OLD+ M(1 – α)RTT_OLD= previously observed round-trip time

α = smoothing factor
M = observed round-trip time (actual time to receive an ACK)

D =βD_OLD+ (1 – β) · |RTT – M|D_OLD= previously observed standard deviation

β = smoothing factor (may be α)

TCP Timeout = RTT + 4D

·Ethernet / IEEE 802.3(p. 280)

Channel efficiency = t / (t + 2G/A)

t =avetime to transmit a frame

G=end-to-end propagation time (time for frame to traverse entire Ethernet network)
2G=duration of each time slot

A = probability that some station acquires channel in a particular contention slot

=kP(1 - P)^k-1

k = # of stations ready to transmit

P = probability that each station transmits during a contention slot

Channel efficiency = 1/(1 + 2BLe/cF)

B = network bandwidthc = signal propagation speed

L = cable lengthF = frame length

e = contention slots per frame (2.718)

Maximum throughput = channel efficiency x transmission speed

Minimum frame length = 2 x propagation delay x transmission speed (data rate)
* 802.3 minimum frame length = 64 bytes

ARQ ProtocolChannel UtilizationWindow Size

W_s(Sender)W_R(Receiver)

Stop-and-Wait11

Maximum channel utilization with no errors:

Go-Back-Nif W_s>2^m– 11

if W_s<

Selective-Repeatif W_s>2^m-12^m-1

if W_s<

Maximum throughput (data rate) = channel utilization x transmission speed

f= frame size

BW= channel transmission rate (bandwidth)

RTT= round trip propagation delay

ct= bandwidth-delay product

a= round trip propagation delay / transmission delay=BWxRTT/ 2f= number of frames to fill the channel one way

P= probability of transmission error

m= # of bits in sequence #