《Oracle编程艺术》学习笔记(17)-DEFERRABLE约束

默认情况下，完整性约束在整个语句得到处理后进行检查。
但是可以创建延迟约束，把这个约束延迟到COMMIT或另外某个时间才检查。可以指定为
· DEFERRABLE INITIALLY IMMEDIATE：创建可延迟的约束，但是初始状态是在语句级检查。INITIALLY IMMEDIATE也可以不写。
· DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED: 创建可延迟的约束，而且初始状态是在延迟检查。

例如：
create table t
( x int constraint x_not_null not null,
y int constraint y_not_null not null deferrable initially immediate,
z int constraint z_not_null not null deferrable initially deferred
);
然后执行下面语句，观察结果：

tony@ORA11GR2> insert into t values(1, 2, null); 1 row created. tony@ORA11GR2> set constraint z_not_null immediate; set constraint z_not_null immediate * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02290: check constraint (TONY.Z_NOT_NULL) violated tony@ORA11GR2> insert into t values(1, null, null); insert into t values(1, null, null) * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02290: check constraint (TONY.Y_NOT_NULL) violated tony@ORA11GR2> commit; commit * ERROR at line 1: ORA-02091: transaction rolled back ORA-02290: check constraint (TONY.Z_NOT_NULL) violated

但是需要注意，应当在只有真正需要的时候才创建延迟约束。延迟约束会在物理实现上引入不易觉察的差别。
例如，还是对上面创建的表格T，在列X,Y,Z上分别创建索引，然后执行select count(*)操作，察看各自的执行计划。

tony@ORA11GR2> insert into t values(1, 2, 3); 1 row created. tony@ORA11GR2> set autotrace on explain tony@ORA11GR2> create index t_idx on t(x); Index created. tony@ORA11GR2> select count(*) from t; COUNT(*) ---------- 1 Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- Plan hash value: 995313729 ------------------------------------------------------------------ | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | | | 2 | INDEX FULL SCAN| T_IDX | 1 | 1 (0)| 00:00:01 | ------------------------------------------------------------------ Note ----- - dynamic sampling used for this statement (level=2) tony@ORA11GR2> drop index t_idx; Index dropped. tony@ORA11GR2> create index t_idx on t(y); Index created. tony@ORA11GR2> select count(*) from t; COUNT(*) ---------- 1 Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- Plan hash value: 2966233522 ------------------------------------------------------------------- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | | | 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 1 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 | ------------------------------------------------------------------- Note ----- - dynamic sampling used for this statement (level=2) tony@ORA11GR2> drop index t_idx; Index dropped. tony@ORA11GR2> create index t_idx on t(z); Index created. tony@ORA11GR2> select count(*) from t; COUNT(*) ---------- 1 Execution Plan ---------------------------------------------------------- Plan hash value: 2966233522 ------------------------------------------------------------------- | Id | Operation | Name | Rows | Cost (%CPU)| Time | ------------------------------------------------------------------- | 0 | SELECT STATEMENT | | 1 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 | | 1 | SORT AGGREGATE | | 1 | | | | 2 | TABLE ACCESS FULL| T | 1 | 3 (0)| 00:00:01 | ------------------------------------------------------------------- Note ----- - dynamic sampling used for this statement (level=2)

可以看到，优化器不会使用在列Y,Z上建立的索引来查询行数。实际上也不能使用，这是因为B*Tree索引不会为完全为NULL的索引键建立条目，Y和Z虽然加了不为NULL的约束，但是是延迟约束，也就是允许临时为NULL，所以优化器无法使用它们来查询行数。

还有，如果创建1个unique或者primary key约束，oracle会为这个约束创建1个唯一索引。但是如果创建1个延迟unique或者primary key约束，由于可以临时忽略约束，oracle就只能创建1个非唯一索引。
例如：

tony@ORA11GR2> drop table t; Table dropped. tony@ORA11GR2> create table t(x int primary key); Table created. tony@ORA11GR2> select index_name, uniqueness from user_indexes where table_name='T'; INDEX_NAME UNIQUENESS ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------ SYS_C0011412 UNIQUE tony@ORA11GR2> drop table t; Table dropped. tony@ORA11GR2> create table t(x int primary key deferrable); Table created. tony@ORA11GR2> select index_name, uniqueness from user_indexes where table_name='T'; INDEX_NAME UNIQUENESS ------------------------------------------------------------ ------------------ SYS_C0011413 NONUNIQUE