学而不精则淡,精而不用则废。
了解包括继承和static在内的初始化权过程,以对所发生的一切有个全局性的把握,是很有益的。请看下面一个例子:
class Insect {
private int i = 0;
protected int j;
static{
System.out.println("static codes initialized!");
}
public Insect() {
super();
System.out.println("i=" + i + ",j=" + j);
j = 39;
}
private int x1 = printInit("static Insect.x1 initialized");
int printInit(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
return 47;
}
}
public class Beetle extends Insect {
private int k = printInit("static Beetle.k initialized");
static{
System.out.println(" Beetle static codes initialized!");
}
public Beetle() {
super();
System.out.println("k=" + k);
System.out.println("j=" + j);
}
private int x2 = printInit("static Beetle.x2 initialized");
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Beetle Constructor");
Beetle b = new Beetle();
}
}
output
static codes initialized!
Beetle static codes initialized!
Beetle Constructor
static Insect.x1 initialized
i=0,j=0
static Beetle.k initialized
static Beetle.x2 initialized
k=47
j=39
小叶有点想不通为什么会这样子?其实,搞清楚了static和继承对类的加载顺序的影响就懂了。
第一步,Beetle找到主程序路口---main方法,然后找到该类的class文件,发现该类还有个 基类。
第二步:进入Insect类,按照代码书写顺序,加载static代码块,打印出static codes initialized!。
第三步:继续在Insect类中找,发现没有static属性,回到派生类Beetle,加载static代码块,打印出Beetle static codes initialized!(static依赖于类生存的,并且static修饰的代码块或者属性,有且只会加载一次!!!) 第四步:main方法执行,打印Beetle Constructor。第五步:执行到Beetle b = new Beetle(),加载Beetle无参构造方,因为考虑到有继承,会直接进入super(),由于全局变量有默认值的关系,所以打印 static Insect.x1 initialized. i=0,j=0。
第五步:这一步很容易出错,也很关键。当加载完基类的构造器后,程序跳出来不是回到派生类的构造器,而是回到派生类定义属性的地方。加载完类的属性才会再回到构造器加载完余下的部分。打印static Beetle.k initialized,static Beetle.x2 initialized,k=47 j=39
小叶把代码又改了一下:
class Insect {
private int i = 0;
protected int j;
static{
System.out.println("static codes initialized!");
}
public Insect() {
super();
System.out.println("i=" + i + ",j=" + j);
j = 39;
}
private static int x1 = printInit("static Insect.x1 initialized");
static int printInit(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
return 47;
}
}
public class Beetle extends Insect {
static{
System.out.println(" Beetle static codes initialized!");
}
public Beetle() {
super();
System.out.println("k=" + k);
System.out.println("j=" + j);
}
private static int k = printInit("static Beetle.k initialized");
private static int x2 = printInit("static Beetle.x2 initialized");
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Beetle Constructor");
Beetle b = new Beetle();
}
}
跟上面的例子有两个不同:原本的属性使用了static修饰,派生类定义属性的代码放在了构造器代码下面。运行了一下,打印出
static codes initialized!
static Insect.x1 initialized
Beetle static codes initialized!
static Beetle.k initialized
static Beetle.x2 initialized
Beetle Constructor
i=0,j=0
k=47
j=39
你做对了?