第三章:MFC六大关键技术之仿真:类型识别
深入理解MFC的内部运行原理,是本次学习《深入浅出MFC》的主要目的。要模仿的六大技术包括:
1:MFC程序的初始化过程。
2:RTTI(Runtimetypeidentification)运行时类型识别。
3:Dynamiccreation动态创建
4:Persistence永久保存
5:消息映射
6:消息传递。
RTTI(运行时类型识别)
IsKindOf能够侦测某个对象是否属于某种类。即判断某一对象所属的类是否是父类或当前类;
要达到动态类型识别的能力,必须在构建类继承体系时记录必要的信息,这被称为类型型录表。MFC以链表的方式建立了此表。
类型型录表的每个元素为CRuntimeClass类型,其定义为:
classCRuntimeClass
{
public:
LPCSTRm_lpszClassName;//对象所属类名
Intm_nObjectSize;//对象大小
UINTm_wSchema;//模式号
CObject*(PASCAL*m_pfnCreateObject)();//构建函数抽象类为NULL
CRuntimeClass*pBaseClasss;//基类CRuntimeClass对象指针。
StaticCRuntimeClass*pFirstClass;//链表头指针。
CRuntimeClass*m_pNextClass;//下一指针。
};
MFC使用此类作为每个类的成员变量。使用宏定义为每个类定义了自己的CRuntimeClass成员变量。
DECLAR_DYNAMIC和IMPLENMENT_DYNAMIC宏
使用这两个宏将CRuntimeClass对象不知不觉放到类之中。
DECLARE_DYNMIC宏定义如下:
#defineDELCARE_DYNMIC(class_name)\
public:\
staticCRuntimeClassclass##class_name\
virtualCRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass()const;
##用来告诉编译器把两个字符串连接起来。
如果使用这个宏:DELCARE_DYNMIC(CView);
那么预编译器将生成下列代码:
public:
staticCRuntimeClassclassCView;
virtualCRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass()const;
以上代码仅仅是在类中定义CRuntimeClass对象,并定义一个返回CRuntimeClass对象地址的函数。注意CRuntimeClass是static的,也就是说同一种类继承体系的对象共享一个CRuntimeClass对象。
初始化对象的内容以及建立类型型录表需要使用IMPLEMENT_DYNMIC宏。
#defineIMPLEMENT_DYNMIC(class_name,base_class_name)\
_IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,base_class_name,0xFFFF,NULL);
_IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS又是一个宏,它定义如下:
#define_IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,\
base_class_name,wSchema,pfnNew)\
staticchar_lpsz##class_name[]=#class_name;\
CRuntimeClassclass_name::class##class_name=\
{_lpsz##class_name,sizeof(class_name),\
wSchema,pfnNew,\
RUNTIME_CLASS(base_class_name),NULL\
};
staticAFX_CLASSINIT_init##class_name\
(&class_name::class##class_name);\
CRuntimeClass*class_name::GetRuntimeClass()const\
{\
return&class_name::class##classname;\
}
#defineRUNTIME_CLASS(class_name)\
(&class_name::class##class_name);
AFX_CLASSINIT是一个类,看着跟宏定义似的,这样做很容易让人迷惑。它用于将本节点连接到类型型录表,定义如下:
classAFX_CLASSINIT
{
public:
AFX_CLASSINIT(CRuntimeClass*pNewClass)//构造函数
{
pNewClass->m_pNextClass=CRuntime::pFirstClass;
CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass=pNewClass;
}
};
用法:
classCWnd:publicCCmdTarget
{
public:
DECLARE_DYNAMIC(CWnd);
};
IMPLEMENT_DYNMIC(CWnd,CCmdTarget);
代码展开后为;
classCWnd:publicCCmdTarget
{
public:
staticCRuntimeClassclassCView;
virtualCRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass()const
};
staticchar_lpszCWnd[]="CWnd";
CRuntimeClassCWnd::classCWnd=
{
_lpszCView,sizeof(CWnd),FFFF,NULL,&Wnd::classCWnd,NULL);
};
staticAFX_CLASSINIT_init_CWnd(&CWnd::classCWnd);
{
Return&CWnd::classCWnd;
}
定义宏的过程很复杂,但是一旦定义好之后,在使用时仅仅两句话就可以完成定义CRuntimeClass对象并且连接类型型录链表的工作。
CObject是所有类的基类,也是链表的头,此类应特别定义,不能在CObject内使用定义好的宏。
classCObject
{
public:
virtualCRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass()const;
staticCRuntimeClassclassCObject;
};
staticcharszCobject[]="CObject";
structCRuntimeClassCObject::classCObject=
{
szCObject,sizeof(CObject),0xFFFF,NULL,NULL,NULL
};
staticAFX_CLASSINIT_init_CObject(&Cobject::classObject);
CRuntimeClass*CObject::GetRuntimeClass()const
{
return&CObject::classCObject;
}
由于CRuntimeClass对象是static成员变量,因此需要在类外初始化。如果忘记初始化将会报链接错误。
CRuntimeClass*CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass=NULL;
建好了类类型路表,要实现IsKindOf功能很容易。首先在CObject加上一个IsKindOf函数,于是所有继承自此类的类都具有类型识别的功能。能够将某个CRuntimeClass对象与类类型型录中的元素进行比较。如:
classCObject
{
public:
boolIsKindOf(constCRuntimeClass*pClass)const
{
CRuntimeClass*pClassThis=GetRuntimeClass();
while(pClassThis)
{
if(pClassThis==pClass)
returntrue;
pClassThis=pClassThis->m_pBaseClass;//沿着基类寻找。
}
returnfalse;
}
};
如果我们调用CWnd*cw=newCWnd;
cw->IsKindOf(RUNTIME_CLASS(CFrameWnd));
RUNTIME_CLASS实际就是&CFrameWnd::classCFrameWnd,它就是CFrameWnd的static的CRuntimeClass类型成员。函数内利用GetRuntimeClass取得本类的CRuntimeClass对象的地址,即&CWnd::classCWnd,然后进行比较。因为每一类型共用一个static的CRuntimeClass对象,因此属于同于类的CRuntimeClass对象的地址相同。
动态创建
每一类的构建函数可以记录在类型别录中,当获得一个类名称,通过查找类别型录表找出对应的元素,然后调用其构建函数产生新对象。
在CRuntimeClass中m_pfnCreateObject即为构建函数首地址。
为了实现动态创建,需要添加两个宏:
DECLARE_DYNCREATE和IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE。
如:
#defineDECLARE_DYNCREATE(class_name)\
DECLARE_DYNCREATE(class_name)\
staticCObject*PASCALCreateObject();
#defineIMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(class_name,base_class_name)\
CObject*PASCALclass_name::CreateObject()\
{returnnewclassname;};\
_IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,base_class_name,
0xFFFF,class_name::CreateObject)
以CFrameWnd为例,下列程序代码:
classCFrameWnd:publicCWnd
{
public:
DECLEARE_DYNCREATE(CFrameWnd);
};
IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CFrameWnd,CWnd);
展开如下:
classCFrame:publicCWnd
{
public:
staticCRuntimeClassclassCFrameWnd;
virtualCRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass()const;
staticCObject*PASCALCreateObject();
};
CObject_PASCALCFrameWnd::CreateObject()
{
returnnewCFrameWnd;
}
staticchar_lpszCFrameWnd[]="CFrameWnd";
CRuntimeClassCFrameClass::classCFrameWnd={
_lpszCFrameWnd,sizeof(CFrameWnd),0xFFFF,CFrameWnd::CreateObject,RUNTIME_CALSS(CWnd),NULL};
staticAFX_CLASSINIT_init_CFrameWnd
(&CFrameWnd::classCFrameWnd);
CRuntimeClass*CFrameWnd::GetRunimeClass()const
{return&CFrameWnd::classCFrameWnd;}
注意对象构建函数为static函数。
为了支持动态创建需要在CRuntimeClass内添加两个函数:CreateObject和CRuntimeClass::Load成员函数。
CObject*CRuntimeClass::CreateObject()
{
If(m_pfnCreateObject==NULL)//不支持动态创建。
{
throwruntime_error("此类不支持动态创建");
ReturnNULL;
}
CObject*pObject=(*m_pfnCreateObject)();
ReturnpObject;
}
CRuntimeClass*PASCLCRuntimeClass::Load()
{
CharszClassName[64];
CRuntimeClass*pClass
cout<<"输入一个类名:";
cin>>szClassName;
for(pClass=pFirstClass;pClass;pClass=pClass->m_pNextClass)
{
if(strcmp(szClassName,pClass->m_lpszClassName)==0)
returnpClass;
returnNULL;
}
}
以下为类型识别及动态创建的完整代码:
#include<iostream> #include<windows.h> #include<string> using namespace std; class CObject; class CRuntimeClass { public: char* m_lpszClassName;//对象所属类名 int m_nObjectSize;//对象大小 int m_wSchema;//模式号 CObject*(PASCAL*m_pfnCreateObject)();//构建函数,抽象类为NULL CRuntimeClass *m_pBaseClasss;//基类CRuntimeClass对象指针。 static CRuntimeClass *pFirstClass;//链表头指针。static CRuntimeClass *m_pNextClass;//下一指针。 public: CObject*CreateObject() { if(m_pfnCreateObject==NULL) { cout<<"该类型不支持动态创建!!"<<endl; return NULL; } CObject*pClass=(*m_pfnCreateObject)(); return pClass; } static CRuntimeClass*Load() { cout<<"请输入要动态创建的类名:"; string s; cin>>s; for(CRuntimeClass*pClass=pFirstClass;pClass;pClass=pClass->m_pBaseClasss) { if(pClass->m_lpszClassName==s) { return pClass; } } return NULL; } }; class AFX_CLASSINIT { public: AFX_CLASSINIT(CRuntimeClass*pNewClass)//构造函数 { pNewClass->m_pNextClass=CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass; CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass =pNewClass; } }; /************************************************************************/ /* 动态类型识别宏定义 //与CRuntimeClass类中的构建函数相区别。此处的CreateObject函数在每个类中都以static成员函数存在,用以 //初始化类型型录表,而CRuntimeClass中的CreateObject用于调用每个类的构建函数。仅仅是函数名相同罢了。*/ /************************************************************************/ #define DECLARE_DYNAMIC(class_name)\ public:\ static CRuntimeClass Class##class_name;\ virtual CRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass()const;\ #define DECLARE_DYNCREATE(class_name)\ DECLARE_DYNAMIC(class_name)\ static CObject*PASCAL CreateObject();\ #define RUNTIME_CLASS(class_name)\ (&class_name::Class##class_name)\ #define _IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,base_class_name,wSchema,pfnNew)\ class CRuntimeClass class_name::Class##class_name ={\ #class_name,\ sizeof(class_name),wSchema,pfnNew,RUNTIME_CLASS(base_class_name),NULL};\ static AFX_CLASSINIT _init##class_name( RUNTIME_CLASS(class_name));\ CRuntimeClass *class_name::GetRuntimeClass()const\ {return &class_name::Class##class_name;}//此处将class_name写成了classname花了一两天才查出来。啊啊啊啊啊。20120605 #define IMPLEMENT_DYNAMIC(class_name,base_class_name)\ _IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,base_class_name,0xFFFF,NULL)\ #define IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(class_name,base_class_name)\ CObject*PASCAL class_name::CreateObject(){return new class_name;}\ _IMPLEMENT_RUNTIMECLASS(class_name,base_class_name,0xFFFF,class_name::CreateObject)\ /************************************************************************/ /* 对CObject特殊处理。 */ /************************************************************************/ class CObject { public: CObject() { //cout<<"CObject constructor!"<<endl; } ~CObject() { //cout<<"CObject destructor!"<<endl; } public: virtual CRuntimeClass*GetRuntimeClass(); static CRuntimeClass ClassCObject; public: bool IsKindOf(CRuntimeClass*pClass) { CRuntimeClass *pThis=GetRuntimeClass(); for(;pThis;pThis=pThis->m_pBaseClasss) { if(pThis==pClass) { return true; } } return false; } }; class CRuntimeClass CObject:: ClassCObject= { "CObject",sizeof(CObject),0xFFFF,NULL,NULL,NULL }; static AFX_CLASSINIT _init_CObject(&CObject:: ClassCObject); CRuntimeClass *CObject::GetRuntimeClass() { return &CObject::ClassCObject; } CRuntimeClass*CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass=NULL; /************************************************************************/ /* */ /************************************************************************/ class CCmdTarget:public CObject { DECLARE_DYNCREATE(CCmdTarget) public: CCmdTarget() { //cout<<"CCmdTarget constructor!"<<endl; //CreateObject(); } ~CCmdTarget() { //cout<<"CCmdTarget destructor!"<<endl; } }; IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CCmdTarget,CObject) ; class CWnd:public CCmdTarget { DECLARE_DYNCREATE(CWnd) public: CWnd() { //cout<<"CWnd constructor"<<endl; } ~CWnd() { //cout<<"CWnd destructor"<<endl; } public: virtual bool Create() { cout<<"CWnd::Create"<<endl; CreateEx(); return true; } bool CreateEx() { cout<<"CWnd::CreateEx"<<endl; PreCreateWindow(); return true; } virtual bool PreCreateWindow() { cout<<"CWnd::PreCreateWindow"<<endl; return true; } }; IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CWnd,CCmdTarget) class CView :public CWnd { DECLARE_DYNCREATE(CView) public: CView() { //cout<<"CView constructor"<<endl; } ~CView() { //cout<<"CView destructor"<<endl; } }; IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CView,CWnd) class CFrameWnd:public CWnd { DECLARE_DYNCREATE(CFrameWnd) public: CFrameWnd() { //cout<<"CFrameWnd constructor"<<endl; } ~CFrameWnd() { //cout<<"CFrameWnd destructor"<<endl; } public: virtual bool Create() { cout<<"CFrameWnd::Create"<<endl; CreateEx(); return true; } virtual bool PreCreateWindow() { cout<<"CFrameWnd::PreCreateWindow"<<endl; return true; } }; IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CFrameWnd,CWnd) class CWinThread:public CCmdTarget { public: CWinThread() { //cout<<"CWinThread constructor"<<endl; } ~CWinThread() { //cout<<"CWinThread destructor"<<endl; } public: virtual bool InitInstance() { cout<<"CWinThread::InitInstance"<<endl; return true; } virtual bool Run() { cout<<"CWinThread::Run"<<endl; return true; } }; class CWinApp:public CWinThread { public: CWinApp() { //cout<<"CWinApp Constructor "<<endl; m_currentApp=this; } ~CWinApp() { //cout<<"CWinApp destructor "<<endl; } virtual bool InitApplication() { cout<<"CWinApp::InitApplication"<<endl; return true; } virtual bool InitInstance() { cout<<"CWinApp:InitInstance"<<endl; return true; } virtual bool Run() { cout<<"CWinApp::Run"<<endl; return CWinThread::Run(); } public: CWinApp*m_currentApp; CFrameWnd*m_currentFrameWnd; }; class CDocument:public CCmdTarget { public: CDocument() { //cout<<"CDocument constructor "<<endl; } ~CDocument() { //cout<<"CDocunment destructor "<<endl; } }; class CMyFrameWnd:public CFrameWnd { DECLARE_DYNCREATE(CMyFrameWnd) public: CMyFrameWnd() { //cout<<"CMyFrameWnd constructor "<<endl; Create(); } ~CMyFrameWnd() { //cout<<"CMyFrameWnd destructor "<<endl; } }; IMPLEMENT_DYNCREATE(CMyFrameWnd,CFrameWnd) class CMyWinApp:public CWinApp { public: CMyWinApp() { //cout<<"CMyWinApp constructor "<<endl; } ~CMyWinApp() { //cout<<"CMyWinApp destructor "<<endl; } public: bool InitInstance() { cout<<"CMyWinApp::InitInstance"<<endl; m_currentFrameWnd=new CMyFrameWnd; return true; } }; CMyWinApp myApp; CWinApp*AfxGetApp() { return myApp.m_currentApp; } int main(int argc,char**argv) { CWinApp *pApp=AfxGetApp(); pApp->InitApplication(); pApp->InitInstance(); pApp->Run(); CRuntimeClass *pClass; CObject *pOb; cout<<"以下为类型型录链表中的所有类的名称:"<<endl; for(pClass=CRuntimeClass::pFirstClass;pClass;pClass=pClass->m_pBaseClasss) { cout<<pClass->m_lpszClassName<<endl; } while(1) { pClass=CRuntimeClass::Load(); if(!pClass) { cout<<"找不到此类!!!"<<endl; } else { pOb=pClass->CreateObject(); if(pOb) { cout<<"创建成功!"<<endl; } } } return 0; }