多核查找-顺序查找也疯狂

多核查找-顺序查找也疯狂

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在去年的软件开发2.0技术大会上，我讲了一个支持动态负载均衡的多核查找设计方法。基本思想是采用数据结构分拆的方法，使用了多级的数据结构设计。下面先简要介绍一下这种多级数据结构的设计思路，然后给出一个采用数组顺序查找作为查找表实现的多级数据结构类CDHashArray。

在CDHashArray中，对数组的插入和删除都是顺序化的操作，查找也是近似于顺序化的操作，看起来似乎会很慢。实际上对于小数组，比如只有几个或十来个数组，其效率并不慢，这使得以前在单核时代无法用于大型查找的数组顺序查找，在多核时代却可以得到很好应用前景。

二级查找结构基本思想

要了解多级数据结构设计，首先得知道基本的二级查找数据结构设计思想。

二级查找结构就是在第1级查找时找到二级子表的位置，然后在找到的二级子表中进行第二次查找来找到对应的目标数据。

典型的二级查找结构示意图如下：

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图16.2.1: 二级查找结构示意图

二级查找结构由一级查找表和二级子表构成，一个查找表中的每个节点指向一个二级查找子表。查找时，先将关键词映射成一级查找表的位置，然后将对应位置的二级子表取出，在子表中找到对应的查找目标数据。

Intel Threading Building Blocks(TBB)开源项目中，其中的concurrent_hash_map使用的就是一种最简单的二级查找结构。它使用了哈希表式的数据结构，并给哈希表的每个桶设一把锁。

对于普通的查找，这种简单的二级查找结构也许够用了，但是对于一些大型的查找，这种简单的二级查找结构并不能满足。首先的问题是如果子表数量过多，则锁的数量也非常多，锁本身需要占用大量的内存开销。

如果子表数量过少，那么又会引起另外一个重要的问题，那就是负载平衡问题。因为这种情况中有可能各个二级子表中的数据数量相差非常大，这将导致某些子表的访问量很少，而某些子表的访问量很大。这些访问量大的表很容易发生多个线程同时访问的情况，从而导致集中式锁竞争情况的发生。

为了解决二级查找结构中的不足，下面来看看多级查找结构的设计思想。

多级查找结构设计思想

多级查找结构是在二级查找结构的基础上设计的，当某个子表中数据个数过多时，可以将其拆分成两个或更多个子表，同时新建一个索引表来指向这几个拆分候的子表，指向原来子表的指针指向新建的索引表。

如果拆分后的子表内插入的数据过多时，可以继续将其分拆，这样一直分拆下去，将形成一个多级的查找数据结构，下图就是一个多级查找结构示意图。

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在多级查找结构中进行操作时，所有索引表的操作都是不用锁的，只有访问查找表时才用锁，这使得它的查找效率并不会比二级查找结构降低。并且由于它是负载均衡的，每个查找子表的数量都是小于设定值的，这样每个查找表中查找的时间都是有保证的。而二级查找结构中并不能给出这种保证，比如链式的哈希表，如果哈希函数设计不好，某个桶中的元素个数过多，在这个桶中的查找将变慢。

在这种多级查找结构的设计中，查找表必须是可以分拆的，一般来说，比较易于分拆的查找数据结构有AVL树、数组等。

下面以数组为例来实现一个多级查找结构。由于基本算法思想在去年的软件开发大会上讲过，这里就不再详述了。如果没有听过讲座的也可以从下面的代码中去体会算法的基本思想。

使用数组作为查找表，可能很多人会认为速度很慢，因为数组的插入和删除速度看起来似乎很慢。但是实际上，如果数组设置得很小，比如只有几个或十几个数据，那么其插入和删除的速度并不慢，另外使用数组还有一个好处是容易进行CACHE行对齐，以避免伪共享问题（即多个线程操作的不同数据却位于同一Cache行的问题）。

对于这种小数组的查找，并不需要用到二分查找，可以采用近似于顺序查找的方法来进行查找，其查找效率也非常高效。

CDHashArray源代码

下面是使用数组作查找表的多级查找结构CDHashArray类的源代码。为方便起见，代码中对数据的比较等没有使用回调函数或仿函数，直接使用大于、等于或小于号进行比较。

template <class T>

struct INDEXNODE {

FASTLOCK lock;

T Key;

LONG volatile lType; //FIND_TABLE or INDEX_TABLE;

void *pSubTable; //sub table pointer，if lType is

// DARRAYSEARCH_FIND_TABLE, pSubTable is a Search Array,

// if lType is DARRAYSEARCH_INDEX_TABLE,

// then pSubTable pointer to a INDEXNODE array .

};

template <class T, class SearchArray>

class CDHashArray {

PRIVATE:

INDEXNODE<T> * m_pIndexNode;

int m_nBucketCount;

int m_nSplitCount;

HASHFUNC m_HashFunc;

void SubTableInsert(INDEXNODE<T> *pNode, T &Data);

void SubTableDelete(INDEXNODE<T> *pNode, T &Data);

void SubTableFind(INDEXNODE<T> *pNode, T &Data, T &OutData);

public:

CDHashArray(int nBucketCount, HASHFUNC HashFunc);

virtual ~CDHashArray();

void Insert(T &Data);

void Delete(T &Data);

void Find(T &Data, T &OutData);

};

/** 子表插入函数

@param INDEXNODE<T> *pNode - 要查找的索引节点

@param T &Data - 要查找的数据

@return void - 无

*/

template <class T, class SearchArray>

void CDHashArray<T, SearchArray>::SubTableInsert(

INDEXNODE<T> *pNode, T &Data)

{

FastLockAcquire(&(pNode->lock));

LONG lType = pNode->lType;

if ( lType == CDHASHARRAY_FIND_TABLE )

{

//将子表地址转换成一个索引表指针;

SearchArray *pArray = (SearchArray *)pNode->pSubTable;

pArray->Insert(Data);

if ( pArray->m_nCount == pArray->m_nSize )

{

CIndexTable<T, SearchArray> *pTable = new CIndexTable<T, SearchArray>;

pTable-><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" /><place w:st="on"><city w:st="on"><span style="COLOR: black">Split</span></city></place>(pArray);

pNode->pSubTable = pTable;

//查找表的子表类型= 索引表(原子操作);

AtomicIncrement(&(pNode->lType));

}

}

else

{

//将查找表指针转换为索引表指针;

CIndexTable<T, SearchArray> *pTable

= (CIndexTable<