TraceRoute实现

网络课上老师布置了第二个作业，写一个TraceRoute的程序。

Traceroute的工作原理：
Traceroute程序的设计是利用ICMP及IP header的TTL（Time To Live）栏位（field）。首先，traceroute送出一个TTL是1的IP datagram（其实，每次送出的为3个40字节的包，包括源地址，目的地址和包发出的时间标签）到目的地，当路径上的第一个路由器（router）收到这个datagram时，它将TTL减1。此时，TTL变为0了，所以该路由器会将此datagram丢掉，并送回一个ICMP time exceeded消息（包括发IP包的源地址，IP包的所有内容及路由器的IP地址），traceroute 收到这个消息后，便知道这个路由器存在于这个路径上，接着traceroute 再送出另一个TTL是2 的datagram，发现第2 个路由器...... traceroute 每次将送出的datagram的TTL 加1来发现另一个路由器，这个重复的动作一直持续到某个datagram 抵达目的地。当datagram到达目的地后，该主机并不会送回ICMP time exceeded消息，因为它已是目的地了，那么traceroute如何得知目的地到达了呢？
Traceroute在送出UDP datagrams到目的地时，它所选择送达的port number 是一个一般应用程序都不会用的号码（30000 以上），所以当此UDP datagram 到达目的地后该主机会送回一个「ICMP port unreachable」的消息，而当traceroute 收到这个消息时，便知道目的地已经到达了。所以traceroute 在Server端也是没有所谓的Daemon 程式。
Traceroute提取发 ICMP TTL到期消息设备的IP地址并作域名解析。每次 ，Traceroute都打印出一系列数据,包括所经过的路由设备的域名及 IP地址,三个包每次来回所花时间。
Traceroute 有一个固定的时间等待响应(ICMP TTL到期消息)。如果这个时间过了，它将打印出一系列的*号表明：在这个路径上，这个设备不能在给定的时间内发出ICMP TTL到期消息的响应。然后，Traceroute给TTL记数器加1，继续进行。

TraceRoute.h如下：

#ifndef _ITRACERT_H_
#define _ITRACERT_H_
#pragma pack(1)
//IP数据报头
typedef struct
{
	unsigned char hdr_len :4;  // length of the header
	unsigned char version :4;  // version of IP
	unsigned char tos;   // type of service
	unsigned short total_len;  // total length of the packet
	unsigned short identifier;  // unique identifier
	unsigned short frag_and_flags; // flags
	unsigned char ttl;   // time to live
	unsigned char protocol;  // protocol (TCP, UDP etc)
	unsigned short checksum;  // IP checksum
	unsigned long sourceIP;  // source IP address
	unsigned long destIP;   // destination IP address
} IP_HEADER;
//ICMP数据报头
typedef struct
{
	BYTE type;  //8位类型
	BYTE code;  //8位代码
	USHORT cksum;  //16位校验和
	USHORT id;   //16位标识符
	USHORT seq;  //16位序列号
} ICMP_HEADER;
//解码结果
typedef struct
{
	USHORT usSeqNo;   //包序列号
	DWORD dwRoundTripTime; //往返时间
	in_addr dwIPaddr;  //对端IP地址
} DECODE_RESULT;
#pragma pack()
//ICMP类型字段
const BYTE ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST = 8; //请求回显
const BYTE ICMP_ECHO_REPLY  = 0; //回显应答
const BYTE ICMP_TIMEOUT   = 11; //传输超时
const DWORD DEF_ICMP_TIMEOUT = 3000; //默认超时时间，单位ms
const int DEF_ICMP_DATA_SIZE = 32; //默认ICMP数据部分长度
const int MAX_ICMP_PACKET_SIZE = 1024; //最大ICMP数据报的大小
const int DEF_MAX_HOP = 30;    //最大跳站数
USHORT GenerateChecksum(USHORT* pBuf, int iSize);
BOOL DecodeIcmpResponse(char* pBuf, int iPacketSize, DECODE_RESULT& stDecodeResult);
#endif // _ITRACERT_H_

TraceRoute.cpp如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <winsock2.h>
#include <ws2tcpip.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include "TraceRoute.h"
#pragma comment(lib,"ws2_32")
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
	//检查命令行参数
	if (argc != 2)
	{
		cerr << "\nUsage: itracert ip_or_hostname\n";
		return -1;
	}
	//初始化winsock2环境
	WSADATA wsa;
	if (WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2, 2), &wsa) != 0)
	{
		cerr << "\nFailed to initialize the WinSock2 DLL\n"
			<< "error code: " << WSAGetLastError() << endl;
		return -1;
	}
	//将命令行参数转换为IP地址
	u_long ulDestIP = inet_addr(argv[1]);
	if (ulDestIP == INADDR_NONE)
	{
		//转换不成功时按域名解析
		hostent* pHostent = gethostbyname(argv[1]);
		if (pHostent)
		{
			ulDestIP = (*(in_addr*)pHostent->h_addr).s_addr;
			//输出屏幕信息
			cout << "\nTracing route to " << argv[1] 
				<< " [" << inet_ntoa(*(in_addr*)(&ulDestIP)) << "]"
				<< " with a maximum of " << DEF_MAX_HOP << " hops.\n" << endl;
		}
		else //解析主机名失败
		{
			cerr << "\nCould not resolve the host name " << argv[1] << '\n'
				<< "error code: " << WSAGetLastError() << endl;
			WSACleanup();
			return -1;
		}
	}
	else
	{
		//输出屏幕信息
		cout << "\nTracing route to " << argv[1] 
			<< " with a maximum of " << DEF_MAX_HOP << " hops.\n" << endl;
	}
	//填充目的Socket地址
	sockaddr_in destSockAddr;
	ZeroMemory(&destSockAddr, sizeof(sockaddr_in));
	destSockAddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
	destSockAddr.sin_addr.s_addr = ulDestIP;
	//使用ICMP协议创建Raw Socket
	SOCKET sockRaw = WSASocket(AF_INET, SOCK_RAW, IPPROTO_ICMP, NULL, 0, WSA_FLAG_OVERLAPPED);
	if (sockRaw == INVALID_SOCKET)
	{
		cerr << "\nFailed to create a raw socket\n"
			<< "error code: " << WSAGetLastError() << endl;
		WSACleanup();
		return -1;
	}
	//设置端口属性
	int iTimeout = DEF_ICMP_TIMEOUT;
	if (setsockopt(sockRaw, SOL_SOCKET, SO_RCVTIMEO, (char*)&iTimeout, sizeof(iTimeout)) == SOCKET_ERROR)
	{
		cerr << "\nFailed to set recv timeout\n"
			<< "error code: " << WSAGetLastError() << endl;
		closesocket(sockRaw);
		WSACleanup();
		return -1;
	}
	//创建ICMP包发送缓冲区和接收缓冲区
	char IcmpSendBuf[sizeof(ICMP_HEADER)+DEF_ICMP_DATA_SIZE];
	memset(IcmpSendBuf, 0, sizeof(IcmpSendBuf));
	char IcmpRecvBuf[MAX_ICMP_PACKET_SIZE];
	memset(IcmpRecvBuf, 0, sizeof(IcmpRecvBuf));
	//填充待发送的ICMP包
	ICMP_HEADER* pIcmpHeader = (ICMP_HEADER*)IcmpSendBuf;
	pIcmpHeader->type = ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST;
	pIcmpHeader->code = 0;
	pIcmpHeader->id = (USHORT)GetCurrentProcessId();
	memset(IcmpSendBuf+sizeof(ICMP_HEADER), 'E', DEF_ICMP_DATA_SIZE);
	//开始探测路由
	DECODE_RESULT stDecodeResult;
	BOOL bReachDestHost = FALSE;
	USHORT usSeqNo = 0;
	int iTTL = 1;
	int iMaxHop = DEF_MAX_HOP;
	while (!bReachDestHost && iMaxHop--)
	{
		//设置IP数据报头的ttl字段
		setsockopt(sockRaw, IPPROTO_IP, IP_TTL, (char*)&iTTL, sizeof(iTTL));
		//输出当前跳站数作为路由信息序号
		cout << setw(3) << iTTL << flush;
		//填充ICMP数据报剩余字段
		((ICMP_HEADER*)IcmpSendBuf)->cksum = 0;
		((ICMP_HEADER*)IcmpSendBuf)->seq = htons(usSeqNo++);
		((ICMP_HEADER*)IcmpSendBuf)->cksum = GenerateChecksum((USHORT*)IcmpSendBuf, sizeof(ICMP_HEADER)+DEF_ICMP_DATA_SIZE);
		
		//记录序列号和当前时间
		stDecodeResult.usSeqNo = ((ICMP_HEADER*)IcmpSendBuf)->seq;
		stDecodeResult.dwRoundTripTime = GetTickCount();
		
		//发送ICMP的EchoRequest数据报
		if (sendto(sockRaw, IcmpSendBuf, sizeof(IcmpSendBuf), 0, 
			(sockaddr*)&destSockAddr, sizeof(destSockAddr)) == SOCKET_ERROR)
		{
			//如果目的主机不可达则直接退出
			if (WSAGetLastError() == WSAEHOSTUNREACH)
				cout << '\t'<< "Destination host unreachable.\n"<< "\nTrace complete.\n" << endl;
			closesocket(sockRaw);
			WSACleanup();
			return 0;
		}
		//接收ICMP的EchoReply数据报
		//因为收到的可能并非程序所期待的数据报，所以需要循环接收直到收到所要数据或超时
		sockaddr_in from;
		int iFromLen = sizeof(from);
		int iReadDataLen;
		while (1)
		{
			//等待数据到达
			iReadDataLen = recvfrom(sockRaw, IcmpRecvBuf, MAX_ICMP_PACKET_SIZE, 
				0, (sockaddr*)&from, &iFromLen);
			if (iReadDataLen != SOCKET_ERROR) //有数据包到达
			{
				//解码得到的数据包，如果解码正确则跳出接收循环发送下一个EchoRequest包
				if (DecodeIcmpResponse(IcmpRecvBuf, iReadDataLen, stDecodeResult))
				{
					if (stDecodeResult.dwIPaddr.s_addr == destSockAddr.sin_addr.s_addr)
						bReachDestHost = TRUE;
					cout << '\t' << inet_ntoa(stDecodeResult.dwIPaddr) << endl;
					break;
				}
			}
			else if (WSAGetLastError() == WSAETIMEDOUT) //接收超时，打印星号
			{
				cout << setw(9) << '*' << '\t' << "Request timed out." << endl;
				break;
			}
			else
			{
				cerr << "\nFailed to call recvfrom\n"
					<< "error code: " << WSAGetLastError() << endl;
				closesocket(sockRaw);
				WSACleanup();
				return -1;
			}
		}
		//TTL值加1
		iTTL++;
	}
	//输出屏幕信息
	cout << "\nTrace complete.\n" << endl;
	closesocket(sockRaw);
	WSACleanup();
	return 0;
}
//产生网际校验和
USHORT GenerateChecksum(USHORT* pBuf, int iSize) 
{
	unsigned long cksum = 0;
	while (iSize>1) 
	{
		cksum += *pBuf++;
		iSize -= sizeof(USHORT);
	}
	if (iSize) 
		cksum += *(UCHAR*)pBuf;
	cksum = (cksum >> 16) + (cksum & 0xffff);
	cksum += (cksum >> 16);
	return (USHORT)(~cksum);
}
//解码得到的数据报
BOOL DecodeIcmpResponse(char* pBuf, int iPacketSize, DECODE_RESULT& stDecodeResult)
{
	//检查数据报大小的合法性
	IP_HEADER* pIpHdr = (IP_HEADER*)pBuf;
	int iIpHdrLen = pIpHdr->hdr_len * 4;
	if (iPacketSize < (int)(iIpHdrLen+sizeof(ICMP_HEADER)))
		return FALSE;
	//按照ICMP包类型检查id字段和序列号以确定是否是程序应接收的Icmp包
	ICMP_HEADER* pIcmpHdr = (ICMP_HEADER*)(pBuf+iIpHdrLen);
	USHORT usID, usSquNo;
	if (pIcmpHdr->type == ICMP_ECHO_REPLY)
	{
		usID = pIcmpHdr->id;
		usSquNo = pIcmpHdr->seq;
	}
	else if(pIcmpHdr->type == ICMP_TIMEOUT)
	{
		char* pInnerIpHdr = pBuf+iIpHdrLen+sizeof(ICMP_HEADER);  //载荷中的IP头
		int iInnerIPHdrLen = ((IP_HEADER*)pInnerIpHdr)->hdr_len * 4;//载荷中的IP头长
		ICMP_HEADER* pInnerIcmpHdr = (ICMP_HEADER*)(pInnerIpHdr+iInnerIPHdrLen);//载荷中的ICMP头
		usID = pInnerIcmpHdr->id;
		usSquNo = pInnerIcmpHdr->seq;
	}
	else
		return FALSE;
	if (usID != (USHORT)GetCurrentProcessId() || usSquNo !=stDecodeResult.usSeqNo) 
		return FALSE;
	//处理正确收到的ICMP数据报
	if (pIcmpHdr->type == ICMP_ECHO_REPLY ||
		pIcmpHdr->type == ICMP_TIMEOUT)
	{
		//返回解码结果
		stDecodeResult.dwIPaddr.s_addr = pIpHdr->sourceIP;
		stDecodeResult.dwRoundTripTime = GetTickCount()-stDecodeResult.dwRoundTripTime;
		//打印屏幕信息
		if (stDecodeResult.dwRoundTripTime)
			cout << setw(6) << stDecodeResult.dwRoundTripTime << " ms" << flush;
		else
			cout << setw(6) << "<1" << " ms" << flush;
		return TRUE;
	}
	return FALSE;
}

运行截图1（查看本机到华科网络实验室的路由信息）如下：

运行截图2（查看本机到清华大学网站的路由信息）如下：

运行截图3（查看本机到某互联网公司的DNS服务器的路由信息）如下：