正则习点 --- 05

2.1.2 Side Effects of a Successful Match

我们再升级上一个程序，使之能够摄氏和华氏相互转换。

在这儿之前，我们需要温习一下MatchVariables。

我们曾经在正则中使用过小括号，使用小括号是由于它可以将正则的某一部分组合起来。同时小括号也会正则分配新的内存块。这些内存含有小括号中的正则所匹配的字符串。如果有不止一对小括号，那就不止一块内存块。每一个内存块内有一段字符串，而非正则的一部分。

由于这些变量含有字符串，那它们是标量变量：在Perl中，它们具有像$1, $2这样的名字。变量个数同正则中小括号对数的个数是相同的。如$4是指第四对小括号所匹配的字符串。

例如：

$_ = “Hello there, neighbor”;

if (/(\S+)(\S+),(\S+)/) {

print “words were $1 $2 $3”;

}

注这和后引用(backreference)\1,\2,\3 在正则匹配中引用字符的字符串相同。但它们不仅是同一事物的两个不同名字；\1,\2,\3是正则正在匹配是引用的；而$1,$2,$3是正则匹配完成后再引用的。想了解更多的关于backreference的信息，可参见perlretut的帮助手册。

执行：

$man perlretut

Backreferences
       Closely associated with the matching variables $1, $2, ... are the backreferences
       "\1", "\2",...  Backreferences are simply matching variables that can be used
       inside a regexp.  This is a really nice feature -- what matches later in a regexp
       is made to depend on what matched earlier in the regexp.  Suppose we wanted to look
       for doubled words in a text, like 'the the'.  The following regexp finds all
       3-letter doubles with a space in between:

           /\b(\w\w\w)\s\1\b/;

       The grouping assigns a value to \1, so that the same 3 letter sequence is used for
       both parts.

       A similar task is to find words consisting of two identical parts:

           % simple_grep '^(\w\w\w\w|\w\w\w|\w\w|\w)\1

/usr/dict/words beriberi booboo coco mama murmur papa The regexp has a single grouping which considers 4-letter combinations, then 3-letter combinations, etc., and uses "\1" to look for a repeat. Although $1 and "\1" represent the same thing, care should be taken to use matched variables $1, $2,... only outside a regexp and backreferences "\1", "\2",... only inside a regexp; not doing so may lead to surprising and unsatisfactory results.

言归正传，请看匹配摄氏和华氏的正则：

我们把输入的数字放在$1中。

把摄氏或华氏的简称(C或F)放在$2中。

其流程图为：

代码如下：

#! /usr/bin/perl -w

# Mastering Regular Expressiona: Chapter 2 Section 2.
# second program

print "Enter a temperature (e.g., 32F, 100C):\n";

$input = <STDIN>;
chomp($input);

if ($input =~ /^([-+]?[0-9]+)([CF]$)/) {
	$inputNum = $1;	# Save to named variables to make the ...
	$type = $2;		# ... rest of the program easier to read.
	
	if ($type eq "C") {
		# The input was Celius, so calculate Fahrenheit
		$celsius = $inputNum;
		$fahrenheit = ($celsius * 9 / 5) + 32;
	}
	else {
		# If not "C", it must be an "F", so calculate Celsius
		$fahrenheit = $inputNum;
		$celsius = ($fahrenheit - 32) * 5 / 9;	
	}
	
	# At this point we have both temperatures, so display the results:
	printf "%.2f C is %.2f F\n", $celsius, $fahrenheit;
}
else {
	# The initial regex did not match, so issue a warning.
	print "Expecting a number followed by \"C\" or \"F\", \n";
	print "so I don't understand \"$input\".\n";	
}