linux驱动学习（四） linux字符设备驱动 cdev

下面开始学习linux字符设备驱动，也是linux驱动中最简单的驱动模块。

在内存中虚拟出一段空间作为字符设备，并为之编写些列的驱动程序。

字符设备驱动cdev中用到的两个重要的结构体如下，现补充下基本知识

一、cdev

/* *内核源码位置 *linux2.6.38/include/linux/cdev.h */ struct cdev { struct kobject kobj; struct module *owner; //一般初始化为：THIS_MODULE const struct file_operations *ops; //字符设备用到的例外一个重要的结构体file_operations，cdev初始化时与之绑定 struct list_head list; dev_t dev; //主设备号24位 与次设备号8位，dev_t为32位整形 unsigned int count; };
二、file_operations

熟悉c语言文件编程的应该知道 read write等函数，这些函数都在file_operations中声明，在read等函数中实现与硬件相关的操作，这样就让具体的硬件设备与操作系统联系在了一起

/* ~/include/linux/fs.h */ struct file_operations { struct module *owner; loff_t (*llseek) (struct file *, loff_t, int); ssize_t (*read) (struct file *, char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); ssize_t (*write) (struct file *, const char __user *, size_t, loff_t *); ssize_t (*aio_read) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t); ssize_t (*aio_write) (struct kiocb *, const struct iovec *, unsigned long, loff_t); int (*readdir) (struct file *, void *, filldir_t); unsigned int (*poll) (struct file *, struct poll_table_struct *); long (*unlocked_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); long (*compat_ioctl) (struct file *, unsigned int, unsigned long); int (*mmap) (struct file *, struct vm_area_struct *); int (*open) (struct inode *, struct file *); int (*flush) (struct file *, fl_owner_t id); int (*release) (struct inode *, struct file *); int (*fsync) (struct file *, int datasync); int (*aio_fsync) (struct kiocb *, int datasync); int (*fasync) (int, struct file *, int); int (*lock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); ssize_t (*sendpage) (struct file *, struct page *, int, size_t, loff_t *, int); unsigned long (*get_unmapped_area)(struct file *, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long, unsigned long); int (*check_flags)(int); int (*flock) (struct file *, int, struct file_lock *); ssize_t (*splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info *, struct file *, loff_t *, size_t, unsigned int); ssize_t (*splice_read)(struct file *, loff_t *, struct pipe_inode_info *, size_t, unsigned int); int (*setlease)(struct file *, long, struct file_lock **); long (*fallocate)(struct file *file, int mode, loff_t offset, loff_t len); };
光有这cdev与file_operations定义的结构体变量是不行的，显然要让他们做一些初始化工作，然后通过某个函数，让我们定义的这两个结构体变量与内核联系在一起，所以，调用内核的下列函数

文件名：char_dev.c

void cdev_init(struct cdev *cdev, const struct file_operations *fops) { memset(cdev, 0, sizeof *cdev); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cdev->list); kobject_init(&cdev->kobj, &ktype_cdev_default); cdev->ops = fops; }为cdev开辟内存空间，然后，将file_operations定义的变量fops赋值给cdev中的ops成员变量，这样，他们就紧密的连在一起了

以上才仅仅将cdev初始化，还未将其真正的添加到系统内核中，因此调用下列函数：

文件名：char_dev.c

int cdev_add(struct cdev *p, dev_t dev, unsigned count) { p->dev = dev; p->count = count; return kobj_map(cdev_map, dev, count, NULL, exact_match, exact_lock, p); }

有了以上的字符设备基础时候后，在开始看一下字符设备的基本结构，其实就是在hello word的基础之上添加了设备读、写、控制的函数。

头文件：一般包含下面几个

#include<linux/cdev.h> #include<linux/module.h> #include<linux/types.h> #include<linux/fs.h> #include<linux/errno.h> #include<linux/mm.h> #include<linux/sched.h> #include<linux/init.h> #include<asm/io.h> #include<asm/system.h> #include<asm/uaccess.h>
定义的cdev结构体与设备空间数据

/*习惯上将内部数据空间与cdev 绑定，与其封装*/ struct mychar_dev{ struct cdev cdev; unsigned char mem[MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE]; }; /*一个实例*/ struct mychar_dev* mychar_devp;
然后是读、写、ioctl函数的实现

/*实现file_operations结构体体的open函数*/ int mychar_open(struct inode *inode,struct file * filp)
int mychar_release(struct inode *inode,struct file* filp);

/*read*/
ssize_t mychar_read(struct file *filp,char __user *buf,size_t size ,loff_t *ppos );

/*write*/
ssize_t mychar_write(struct file *filp ,const char __user *buf,size_t size,loff_t *ppos);

/*llseek*/
static loff_t mychar_llseek(struct file *filp,loff_t offset,int orig);

/*ioctl*/
int mychar_ioctl(struct inode * inodep ,struct file *filp ,unsigned int cmd ,unsigned long arg);

以上函数实现后将里赋值到file_operations中相应的函数成员变量

static const struct file_operations mychar_fops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .llseek = mychar_llseek, .read = mychar_read, .write = mychar_write, .ioctl = mychar_ioctl, .open = mychar_open, .release =mychar_release, };
最后是init 与exit函数

/*init*/
static int __init mychar_init(void);

/*exit*/
static void __exit mychar_exit(void);

最后是

MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"); MODULE_AUTHOR("ghostyu"); module_param(mychar_major,int,S_IRUGO); module_init(mychar_init); module_exit(mychar_exit);

下面看一下完整的源码：

/*在内存中申请1k 大小的内存做为简单的一个设备来访问*/ /*一般包含的头文件*/ #include<linux/cdev.h> #include<linux/module.h> #include<linux/types.h> #include<linux/fs.h> #include<linux/errno.h> #include<linux/mm.h> #include<linux/sched.h> #include<linux/init.h> #include<asm/io.h> #include<asm/system.h> #include<asm/uaccess.h> /*设备空间*/ #define MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE 0x0400 /*主设备号*/ #define MYCHAR_MAJOR 260 /*自定义的清除内存的命令*/ #define MYCHAR_MEN_CLR 0x01 /*主设备号变量*/ static int mychar_major = MYCHAR_MAJOR; /*习惯上将内部数据空间与cdev 绑定，与其封装*/ struct mychar_dev{ struct cdev cdev; unsigned char mem[MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE]; }; /*一个实例*/ struct mychar_dev* mychar_devp; /*实现file_operations结构体体的open函数*/ int mychar_open(struct inode *inode,struct file * filp) { filp->private_data = mychar_devp; return 0; } /*同上*/ int mychar_release(struct inode *inode,struct file* filp) { return 0; } /*read*/ ssize_t mychar_read(struct file *filp,char __user *buf,size_t size ,loff_t *ppos ) { unsigned long p=*ppos; unsigned int count = size; int ret = 0; struct mychar_dev *dev = filp->private_data; if(p>MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE) return 0; if(count > MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE-p) count = MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE-p; if( copy_to_user(buf,(void*)(dev->mem+p),count)){ ret= -EFAULT; }else{ *ppos +=count; ret = count; printk(KERN_INFO "read %u bytes(s) from %1u\n",count,p); } return ret; } /*write*/ ssize_t mychar_write(struct file *filp ,const char __user *buf,size_t size,loff_t *ppos) { unsigned long p=*ppos; unsigned int count=size; int ret = 0; struct mychar_dev *dev = filp->private_data; if(p > MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE) return 0; if(count > MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE-p) count = MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE-p; if(copy_from_user((void*)(dev->mem),buf,count)){ ret = -EFAULT; }else{ *ppos +=count; ret = count; printk(KERN_INFO "written %u byte(s) from %1u\n",count,p); } return ret; } /*llseek*/ static loff_t mychar_llseek(struct file *filp,loff_t offset,int orig) { loff_t ret = 0; switch(orig){ case 0: /*相对于文件开始位置偏移*/ if(offset < 0) ret = -EINVAL; break; if((unsigned int)offset > MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE){ ret = -EINVAL; break; } filp->f_pos =(unsigned int )offset; ret = filp->f_pos; break; case 1: /*相对于文件当前位置*/ if((filp->f_pos+offset)>MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE){ ret = -EINVAL; break; } if((filp->f_pos+offset)< 0){ ret = -EINVAL; break; } filp->f_pos +=offset; ret = filp->f_pos; break; default: ret = - EINVAL; break; } return ret; } /*ioctl*/ int mychar_ioctl(struct inode * inodep ,struct file *filp ,unsigned int cmd ,unsigned long arg) { struct mychar_dev *dev =filp->private_data; switch(cmd){ case MYCHAR_MEM_CLR: memset(dev->mem,0,MYCHAR_MEM_SIZE); printk(KERN_INFO "mychar memery is set to zero\n"); break; default: return -EINVAL; } return 0; } static const struct file_operations mychar_fops = { .owner = THIS_MODULE, .llseek = mychar_llseek, .read = mychar_read, .write = mychar_write, .ioctl = mychar_ioctl, .open = mychar_open, .release =mychar_release, }; /*cdev结构初始化*/ static void mychar_setup_cdev(struct mychar_dev *dev,int index) { int err; int devno = MKDEV(mychar_major,index); cdev_init(&dev->cdev,&mychar_fops); dev->cdev.owner = THIS_MODULE; err = cdev_add(&dev->cdev,devno,1); if(err) printk(KERN_NOTICE " Error %d adding mychar %d",err,index); } /*init*/ static int __init mychar_init(void) { int result; dev_t devno = MKDEV(mychar_major,0); if(mychar_major) result = register_chrdev_region(devno,1,"mychar"); else{ result = alloc_chrdev_region(&devno,0,1,"mychar"); mychar_major = MAJOR(devno); } if(result<0) return result; mychar_devp = kmalloc(sizeof(struct mychar_dev),GFP_KERNEL); if(!mychar_devp){ result = -ENOMEM; goto fall_malloc; } memset(mychar_devp,0,sizeof(struct mychar_dev)); mychar_setup_cdev(mychar_devp,0); return 0; fall_malloc: unregister_chrdev_region(devno,1); return result; } /*exit*/ static void __exit mychar_exit(void) { cdev_del(&mychar_devp->cdev); kfree(mychar_devp); unregister_chrdev_region(MKDEV(mychar_major,0),1); } MODULE_LICENSE("Dual BSD/GPL"); MODULE_AUTHOR("ghostyu"); module_param(mychar_major,int,S_IRUGO); module_init(mychar_init); module_exit(mychar_exit);

我个人觉得，如果不太会使用vim的ctag功能，可以在windows平台下source insight中编写linux驱动。

只要事先先建立一个linux内核源码的工程，在在这个工程中添加自己的linux驱动程序源码。

这样就实现了一个IDE，函数、变量、宏定义不全功能，语法着色等等非常方便，加快开发速度。