Javascript中的prototype

<wbr><p><span style="font-size:16px">prototype 是在IE4及其以后版本引入的一个针对于某一类的对象的方法，而且特殊的地方便在于：它可以给一个给类的对象添加方法。</span></p> <p><wbr></wbr></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px">首先，我们要先了解一下类的概念，<strong><span style="color:#ff0000">JavaScript 本身是一种面向对象的语言，它所涉及的元素根据其属性的不同都依附于某一个特定的类。</span></strong>我们所常见的类包括：数组变量(Array)、逻辑变量 (Boolean)、日期变量(Date)、结构变量(Function)、数值变量(Number)、对象变量(Object)、字符串变量 (String) 等，而相关的类的方法，也是程序员经常用到的（在这里要区分一下类的注意和属性方法），例如数组的push方法、日期的get系列方法、字符串的 split方法等等，</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px">　　</span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>但是在实际的编程过程中不知道有没有感觉到现有方法的不足？prototype 方法应运而生！下面，将通过实例由浅入深讲解 prototype 的具体使用方法：</strong></span></p> <p><wbr></wbr></p> <p><wbr></wbr></p> <p><span style="font-size:18px; color:#ff0000"><strong>1 最简单的例子，了解prototype：<br></strong></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><strong>①<wbr>Number.add(num)：作用，数字相加<br></wbr></strong>实现方法：<strong>Number.prototype.add = function(num){return(this+num);}<br></strong>试验：alert((3).add(15)) -&gt; 显示 18<br><br><br><strong>②<wbr>Boolean.rev(): 作用，布尔变量取反<br></wbr></strong>实现方法：<strong>Boolean.prototype.rev = function(){return(!this);}<br></strong>试验：alert((true).rev()) -&gt; 显示 false<br><br></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:16px"><br><strong><span style="font-size:18px; color:#ff0000">2<wbr>已有方法的实现和增强，初识prototype：</wbr></span></strong></span></p> <p><span style="color:#ff0000"><br></span><strong>(1) Array.push(new_element)<br></strong>　　</p> <p>作用：在数组末尾加入一个新的元素<br></p> <p>　　<strong>Array.prototype.push</strong> = function(new_element){<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> this[this.length]=new_element;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> return this.length;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> }</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></p> <p><br> 　　让我们进一步来增强他，让他可以一次增加多个元素！<br></p> <p>　　<strong>Array.prototype.pushPro</strong> = function() {<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> var currentLength = this.length;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> for (var i = 0; i &lt; arguments.length; i++) {<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> this[currentLength + i] = arguments[i];<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>return this.length;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}</wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></p> <p><br> 　　以此类推，你可以考虑一下如何通过增强 Array.pop 来实现删除任意位置，任意多个元素。</p> <p><wbr></wbr></p> <p><br><strong>(2) String.length<br></strong>　　</p> <p>作用：这实际上是 String 类的一个属性，但是由于 JavaScript 将全角、半角均视为是一个字符，在一些实际运用中可能会造成一定的问题，现在我们通过 prototype 来弥补这部不足。<br> 　　实现方法：<br> 　　<strong>String.prototype.cnLength</strong> = function(){<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> var arr=this.match(/[^\x00-\xff]/ig);<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> return this.length+(arr==null?0:arr.length);<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>}<br> 　　试验：alert("EaseWe空间Spaces".cnLength()) -&gt; 显示 16<br> 　　这里用到了一些正则表达式的方法和全角字符的编码原理，由于属于另两个比较大的类别，本文不加说明，请参考相关材料。<br><br></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></p> <p><br><strong><span style="font-size:18px; color:#ff6600">3 新功能的实现，深入prototype：</span></strong></p> <p>在实际编程中所用到的肯定不只是已有方法的增强，更多的实行的功能的要求，</p> <p><strong>(1) String.left()<br></strong>　　</p> <p>问题：用过 vb 的应该都知道left函数，从字符串左边取n个字符，但是不足是将全角、半角均视为是一个字符，造成在中英文混</p> <p>排的版面中不能截取等长的字符串</p> <p><br> 作用：从字符串左边截取 n 个字符，并支持全角半角字符的区分<br></p> <p>　　<strong>String.prototype.left</strong> = function(num,mode){<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> if(!/\d+/.test(num))return(this);<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> var str = this.substr(0,num);<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> if(!mode) return str;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> var n = str.Tlength() - str.length;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr>num = num - parseInt(n/2);<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> return this.substr(0,num);<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> }<br></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></p> <p>alert("EaseWe空间Spaces".left(8)) -&gt; 显示 EaseWe空间<br> alert("EaseWe空间Spaces".left(8,true)) -&gt; 显示 EaseWe空<br></p> <p>本方法用到了上面所提到的String.Tlength()方法，自定义方法之间也能组合出一些不错的新方法呀！<br><br><strong>(2) Date.DayDiff()<br></strong>　　</p> <p>作用：计算出两个日期型变量的间隔时间（年、月、日、周）<br></p> <p>　　<strong>Date.prototype.DayDiff</strong> = function(cDate,mode){<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> try{<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> cDate.getYear();<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> }catch(e){<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> return(0);<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> }<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> var base =60*60*24*1000;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> var result = Math.abs(this - cDate);<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> switch(mode){<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> case "y":<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> result/=base*365;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> break;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> case "m":<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> result/=base*365/12;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> break;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> case "w":<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> result/=base*7;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> break;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> default:<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr> result/=base;<br><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr><wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></wbr></p></wbr>