TCP套接口编程(Socket)
socket起源于Unix,而Unix/Linux基本哲学之一就是“一切皆文件”,都可以用“打开open –> 读写write/read –> 关闭close”模式来操作。我的理解就是Socket就是该模式的一个实现,socket即是一种特殊的文件,一些socket函数就是对其进行的操作(读/写IO、打开、关闭)。
1.套接口的数据结构。在<sys/socket.h>头文件中,其数据结构定义如下
struct sockaddr
{
uint8_t sa_len; uint8_t 是POSIX.1要求的数据类型。
sa_family_t sa_family; 套接口的协议族
cahr sa_data[14]; 协议地址的大小
}
struct socketaddr_in
{
uint8_t sin_len;
sa_family_t sin_family;
in_port_t sin_port;
struct in_addr sin_addr;
unsigned char sin_zero[8];
};
以上是通用的套接口的数据结构,在平常中我们用到的是ipv4套接口的地址数据结构。
在tcp套接口编程中。server端和client端相互通信,其步骤如下:
上面是基本的socket编程,通信模型。
1. server.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define MAXSIZE 1024 /*定义数据缓冲区大小*/
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
struct sockaddr_in server_addr; // 定义服务端套接口数据结构server_addr
int sock_fd, new_fd, ret;
int sin_size, portno;
char buffer[MAXSIZE] = { 0 }; // 发送缓存区大小
if( argc != 2)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Usage:%s [port-number]\n", argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
portno = atoi(argv[1]); // 参数二的端口
// 第一步创建套接口
sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (sock_fd == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Create socket failed, reason: %s\n", strerror(errno));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
else fprintf(stdout, "Create socket success.\n");
// 第二步填充套接字
bzero(&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY);
server_addr.sin_port = htons(portno);
ret = bind(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)(&server_addr), sizeof(struct sockaddr));
if (ret == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "bind port failed, reason: %s\n", strerror(errno));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
else fprintf(stdout, "bind port success.\n");
// 第三步监听客户端的请求,最大请求数为5
if( listen(sock_fd, 5) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "listen failed, reason: %s\n", strerror(errno));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
else fprintf(stdout, "listen success.\n");
// 第四步接收请求accept()
while (1) // 服务端采用阻塞模式,等待客户端请求
{
bzero(&client_addr, sizeof(client_addr));
sin_size = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
new_fd = accept(sock_fd, NULL, NULL);<span style="white-space:pre"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Courier New';">// 调用accept接收一次请求 </span>
if (new_fd == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "server accept failed, reason: %s\n", strerror(errno));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
printf("connected sucessful, please enter reply message: ");
fgets(buffer, MAXSIZE, stdin);
if( write(new_fd, buffer, strlen(buffer)) == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "write failed, reason: %\n", strerror(errno));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
close(new_fd); // 本次通信接收,关闭客户端的套接口,等待接收下次
usleep(30000);
}
close(sock_fd); // 服务端进程终止,关闭服务端套接口
return 0;
}
2. client.c
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <netdb.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#define MAXSIZE 1024
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int sock_fd, ret;
char buffer[MAXSIZE] = { 0 };
struct sockaddr_in server_addr;
struct hostent *host = NULL;
int portno, nbytes;
if (argc != 3)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Usage:%s -h[hostname]/-a[ip] -p[portnumber]\n", argv[0]);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// 预先处理:通过主机名或者IP地址获得主机信息
if (argv[1][1] == 'h')
host = gethostbyname(argv[1]+2);
else if (argv[1][1] == 'a')
{
char IPaddr[128] = { 0 };
int sta = inet_pton(AF_INET, argv[1] + 2, IPaddr);
printf("%s %s IPaddr: %s\n", argv[1] + 2, argv[2] + 2, IPaddr);
if (sta == 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "IP address invalid.\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
else if(sta == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "inet_pton failed, reason: %s\n", strerror(errno));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
host = gethostbyaddr(IPaddr, sizeof(struct in_addr), AF_INET);
}
if (host == NULL)
{
fprintf(stderr, "get host by name/address failed, reason: %s\n",hstrerror(h_errno));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
else fprintf(stdout, "get host success.\n");
// 第一步创建客户端套接字
sock_fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (sock_fd == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "create socket failed, reason: %s\n", strerror(errno));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
else fprintf(stdout, "create socket success.\n");
portno = atoi(argv[2] + 2);
// 第二步填充套接字
bzero(&server_addr, sizeof(struct sockaddr));
server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
server_addr.sin_addr = *((struct in_addr *)(host->h_addr));
server_addr.sin_port = htons(portno);
// 第四步connect服务端
ret = connect(sock_fd, (struct sockaddr *)(&server_addr), sizeof(struct sockaddr));
if (ret == -1)
{
fprintf(stderr, "connected server failed, reason: %s\n",strerror(errno));
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
else fprintf(stdout, "connected server success.\n");
// 第五步链接成功后,读取服务端的数据
nbytes = read(sock_fd, buffer, MAXSIZE);
fprintf(stdout,"client received msg(TCP): %s\n", buffer);
// 客户端受到服务端的数据后,关闭服务端套接口,结束通信
close(sock_fd);
return 0;
}
注意:当运行测试时,可能出现问题,情况很多如防火墙,地址不对,主机找不到,端口被占用等等,这些问题都要确保解决后,方能运行成功。