Django-1.8.3新建一个简单的News app——02models

现在我们就开始为news建立表啦

打开news/models.py， 把这些都敲下来：

from django.db import models


# Create your models here.
class Article(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=64)
    reporter = models.ForeignKey('Reporter')
    summary = models.CharField(max_length=256)
    content = models.TextField()
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True)
    update_date = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True)


    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.title


class Reporter(models.Model):
    name = models.CharField(max_length=32)
    age = models.IntegerField(default=18)
    GENDER_CHOICES = (
        ('M', 'Male'),
        ('F', 'Female'),
    )
    gender = models.CharField(max_length=1, choices=GENDER_CHOICES)


    def __unicode__(self):
        return self.name

接下来，大致讲讲这两个class:

Article，继承django内置的models.Model。

• title, 定义为一个CharField，设定长度64，效果和mysql中的 varchar(64)差不多。
• reporter, 是一个外键，ForeignKey其实就是many-to-one，多个文章可以对应一个作者。此时里面的参数 Reporter 添加了双引号，是因为Reporter这个class没有在Article之前定义，如果Reporter在Article之前就定义了，可以写作 reporter = models.ForeignKey(Reporter)。
• summary和content不在细表，二者区别在于是否需要限定长度。
• pub_date和update_date，都是DateTimeField，
  • auto_now_add=True 是你在建立一个Article实例时，它自动输入建立的当前时间，以后更新也不会再变化。
  • auto_now=True是每次修改，自动更新时间。
• __unicode__(self)，是为了前台展示的时候，方便识别。python 3.x 使用 __str__(self).

Reporter：

• age是一个整型字段，如果建立Reporter时，没有单独设立age的值，默认18
• gender，CharField，添加了一个choices，供以选择的是‘Male'和’Female'，实际在数据库中存储的是‘M’和’F‘

在我们没有设立主键的情况下，django会为Article和Reporter自动建立一个自动增加的ID主键。

cmd中执行：python manage.py makemigrations news

F:\mysites>python manage.py makemigrations news
Migrations for 'news':
  0001_initial.py:
    - Create model Article
    - Create model Reporter
    - Add field reporter to article

再 python manage.py migrate

F:\mysites>python manage.py migrate
Operations to perform:
  Synchronize unmigrated apps: staticfiles, messages
  Apply all migrations: admin, news, contenttypes, auth, sessions
Synchronizing apps without migrations:
  Creating tables...
    Running deferred SQL...
  Installing custom SQL...
Running migrations:
  Rendering model states... DONE
  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
  Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
  Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
  Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
  Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
  Applying news.0001_initial... OK
  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK

然后，我们输入：python manage.py shell，进入shell模式

F:\mysites>python manage.py shell
Python 2.7.10 (default, May 23 2015, 09:44:00) [MSC v.1500 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>> from news.models import *
>>> r1 = Reporter(
... name='John Smith',age=20,gender='M')
>>> r1
<Reporter: John Smith>
>>> Reporter.objects.all()
[]
>>>

上面，我们建立了，一个Reporter的实例r1，但是我们发现Reporter.objects.all()返回的是一个空列表。这是因为r1没有save

>>> r1.save()
>>> Reporter.objects.all()
[<Reporter: John Smith>]

r1.save()之后，这个实例才算真正的存储到了Reporter之中了。
我们再继续添加一个Article

>>> Article.objects.create(title='Hello Django',reporter=r1,summary='New in Django 1.7', content='The first element in each tuple is the name to apply to the group. The second element is an iterable of 2-tuples, with each 2-tuple containing a value and a human-readable name for an option. Grouped options may be combined with ungrouped options within a single list')
<Article: Hello Django>
>>> Article.objects.all()
[<Article: Hello Django>]

这种方式可以直接建立。注意：pub_date 和 update_date，我们并没有设置，他会自动取建立实例的当前时间。

>>> a1 = Article.objects.all()[0]
>>> a1.pub_date
datetime.datetime(2015, 8, 29, 8, 23, 6, 377000, tzinfo=<UTC>)

因为在mysites/mysites/setting.py 的 TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'， 我并未对其做任何改变，所以时间比我的实际时间慢了8个小时。当然各位可以设置为‘Asia/Shanghai'，或者’Asia/Chongqing'。

最后，我们退出shell模式，在cmd中，输入：python manage.py syncdb

F:\mysites>python manage.py syncdb
d:\python27\lib\site-packages\django-1.8.3-py2.7.egg\django\core\management\commands\syncdb.py:24: RemovedInDjango19Warning: The syncdb command will be removed in Django 1.9
  warnings.warn("The syncdb command will be removed in Django 1.9", RemovedInDjango19Warning)

Operations to perform:
  Synchronize unmigrated apps: staticfiles, messages
  Apply all migrations: admin, news, contenttypes, auth, sessions
Synchronizing apps without migrations:
  Creating tables...
    Running deferred SQL...
  Installing custom SQL...
Running migrations:
  No migrations to apply.

You have installed Django's auth system, and don't have any superusers defined.
Would you like to create one now? (yes/no):

然后按照提示，建立出一个superuser。