实用常用操作命令1-Linux系统

Linux系统发行版本

  1. Redhat
  2. Ubuntu
  3. CentOS
  4. Fedora
  5. Debian
  6. openSUSE

Linux系统的命令通常都是如下所示的格式:

命令名称 [命名参数] [命令对象]
1. 获取登录信息 - w / who / last
[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# w
23:31:16 up 12:16,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
USER     TTY      FROM             LOGIN@   IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT
root     pts/0    182.139.66.250   23:03    4.00s  0.02s  0.00s w
jackfrue pts/1    182.139.66.250   23:26    3:56   0.00s  0.00s -bash
[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# who
root     pts/0        2018-04-12 23:03 (182.139.66.250)
jackfrued pts/1        2018-04-12 23:26 (182.139.66.250)
[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# who am i
root     pts/0        2018-04-12 23:03 (182.139.66.250)
2. 查看自己使用的Shell - ps。
>Shell也被称为“壳”,它是用户与内核交流的翻译官,简单的说就是人与计算机交互的接口。目前很多Linux系统默认的Shell都是bash(Bourne Again SHell),因为它可以使用Tab键进行命令补全、可以保存历史命令、可以方便的配置环境变量以及执行批处理操作等。
[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# ps
PID TTY          TIME CMD
3531 pts/0    00:00:00 bash
3553 pts/0    00:00:00 ps
3. 查看命令的说明 - whatis
[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# whatis ps
ps (1)        - report a snapshot of the current processes.
[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# whatis python
python (1)    - an interpreted, interactive, object-oriented programming language
4. 查看命令的位置 - which / whereis。
[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# whereis ps
ps: /usr/bin/ps /usr/share/man/man1/ps.1.gz

[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# whereis python
python: /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/python2.7 /usr/lib/python2.7 /usr/lib64/python2.7 /etc/python /usr/include/python2.7 /usr/share/man/man1/python.1.gz

[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# which ps
/usr/bin/ps

[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# which python
/usr/bin/python
5. 查看帮助文档 - man / info / apropos
[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# ps --help
Usage:
ps [options]
Try 'ps --help <simple|list|output|threads|misc|all>'
or 'ps --help <s|l|o|t|m|a>'
for additional help text.
For more details see ps(1).

[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# man ps
PS(1)                                User Commands                                PS(1)
NAME
ps - report a snapshot of the current processes.
SYNOPSIS
ps [options]
DESCRIPTION

[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# info ps

6. 切换用户 - su。
[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# su hellokitty

[hellokitty@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z root]$
7. 以管理员身份执行命令 - sudo。
[jackfrued@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]$ ls /root
ls: cannot open directory /root: Permission denied

[jackfrued@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]$ sudo ls /root
[sudo] password for jackfrued:
calendar.py  code  error.txt  hehe  hello.c  index.html  myconf  result.txt

说明:如果希望用户能够以管理员身份执行命令,用户必须被添加到sudoers名单中,该文件在 /etc目录下。

8. 登入登出相关 - logout / exit / adduser / userdel / passwd / ssh
[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# adduser hellokitty

[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# passwd hellokitty
Changing password for user jackfrued.
New password:
Retype new password:
passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully.

[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# ssh hellokitty@1.2.3.4
hellokitty@1.2.3.4's password:
Last login: Thu Apr 12 23:05:32 2018 from 10.12.14.16

[hellokitty@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]$ logout
Connection to 1.2.3.4 closed.

[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]#
9. 查看系统和主机名 - uname / hostname
[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# uname
Linux

[root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# hostname
izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core) 
10. 重启和关机 - reboot / init 6 / shutdown / init 0
11. 查看历史命令 - history
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# history
...
452  ls
453  cd Python-3.6.5/
454  clear
455  history
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# !454

说明:查看到历史命令之后,可以用!历史命令编号来重新执行该命令;通过history -c可以清除历史命令。

实用程序

文件和文件夹操作

1. 创建 / 删除目录 - mkdir / rmdir
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# mkdir abc
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# mkdir -p xyz/abc
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# rmdir abc
2. 创建/删除文件 - touch / rm
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# touch readme.txt
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# touch error.txt
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# rm error.txt
 rm: remove regular empty file ‘error.txt’? y
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# rm -rf xyz
  • touch命令用于创建空白文件或修改文件时间。在Linux系统中一个文件有三种时间:
    • 更改内容的时间 - mtime。
    • 更改权限的时间 - ctime。
    • 最后访问时间 - atime。
  • rm的几个重要参数:
    • -i:交互式删除,每个删除项都会进行询问。
    • -r:删除目录并递归的删除目录中的文件和目录。
    • -f:强制删除,忽略不存在的文件,没有任何提示。
3. 切换和查看当前工作目录 - cd / pwd

说明:cd命令后面可以跟相对路径(以当前路径作为参照)或绝对路径(以/开头)来切换到指定的目录,也可以用cd ..来返回上一级目录。

4. 查看目录内容 - ls
  • -l:以长格式查看文件和目录。
  • -a:显示以点开头的文件和目录(隐藏文件)。
  • -R:遇到目录要进行递归展开(继续列出目录下面的文件和目录)。
  • -d:只列出目录,不列出其他内容。
  • -S/-t:按大小/时间排序。
5. 查看文件内容 - cat / head / tail / more / less
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# wget http://www.sohu.com/ -O sohu.html
 --2018-06-20 18:42:34--  http://www.sohu.com/
 Resolving www.sohu.com (www.sohu.com)... 14.18.240.6
 Connecting to www.sohu.com (www.sohu.com)|14.18.240.6|:80... connected.
 HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
 Length: 212527 (208K) [text/html]
 Saving to: ‘sohu.html’
 100%[==================================================>] 212,527     --.-K/s   in 0.03s
 2018-06-20 18:42:34 (7.48 MB/s) - ‘sohu.html’ saved [212527/212527]
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cat sohu.html
 ...
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# head -10 sohu.html
 <!DOCTYPE html>
 <html>
 <head>
 <title>搜狐</title>
 <meta name="Keywords" content="搜狐,门户网站,新媒体,网络媒体,新闻,财经,体育,娱乐,时尚,汽车,房产,科技,图片,论坛,微博,博客,视频,电影,电视剧"/>
 <meta name="Description" content="搜狐网为用户提供24小时不间断的最新资讯,及搜索、邮件等网络服务。" />
 <meta name="shenma-site-verification" content="1237e4d02a3d8d73e96cbd97b699e9c3_1504254750">
 <meta charset="utf-8"/>
 <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge,chrome=1"/>
 
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# tail -2 sohu.html
 </body>
 </html>
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# less sohu.html
 ...
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cat -n sohu.html | more
 ...
6. 拷贝/移动文件 - cp / mv
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# mkdir backup
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cp sohu.html backup/
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cd backup
 
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z backup]# ls
 sohu.html
 
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z backup]# mv sohu.html sohu_index.html
 
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z backup]# ls
 sohu_index.html
7. 查找文件和查找内容 - find / grep
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# find / -name "*.html"
 /root/sohu.html
 /root/backup/sohu_index.html
 [root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# find . -atime 7 -type f -print
 [root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# find . -type f -size +2k
 [root@izwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8z ~]# find . -type f -name "*.swp" -delete
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# grep "<script>" sohu.html -n
 20:<script>
 [root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# grep -E \<\/?script.*\> sohu.html -n
 20:<script>
 22:</script>
 24:<script src="//statics.itc.cn/web/v3/static/js/es5-shim-08e41cfc3e.min.js"></script>
 25:<script src="//statics.itc.cn/web/v3/static/js/es5-sham-1d5fa1124b.min.js"></script>
 26:<script src="//statics.itc.cn/web/v3/static/js/html5shiv-21fc8c2ba6.js"></script>
 29:<script type="text/javascript">
 52:</script>
 ...

说明:grep在搜索字符串时可以使用正则表达式,如果需要使用正则表达式可以用grep -E或者直接使用egrep

8. 链接 - ln
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ls -l sohu.html
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 212131 Jun 20 19:15 sohu.html

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ln /root/sohu.html /root/backup/sohu_backup

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ls -l sohu.html
-rw-r--r-- 2 root root 212131 Jun 20 19:15 sohu.html

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ln /root/sohu.html /root/backup/sohu_backup2

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ls -l sohu.html
-rw-r--r-- 3 root root 212131 Jun 20 19:15 sohu.html

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ln -s /etc/centos-release sysinfo

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ls -l sysinfo
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 19 Jun 20 19:21 sysinfo -> /etc/centos-release

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cat sysinfo
CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core)

[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cat /etc/centos-release
CentOS Linux release 7.4.1708 (Core)

说明:链接可以分为硬链接和软链接(符号链接)。硬链接可以认为是一个指向文件数据的指针,就像Python中对象的引用计数,每添加一个硬链接,文件的对应链接数就增加1,只有当文件的链接数为0时,文件所对应的存储空间才有可能被其他文件覆盖。我们平常删除文件时其实并没有删除硬盘上的数据,我们删除的只是一个指针,或者说是数据的一条使用记录,所以类似于“文件粉碎机”之类的软件在“粉碎”文件时除了删除文件指针,还会在文件对应的存储区域填入数据来保证文件无法再恢复。软链接类似于Windows系统下的快捷方式,当软链接链接的文件被删除时,软链接也就失效了。

9. 压缩/解压缩和归档/解归档 - gzip / gunzip / xz / tar
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# wget http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-4.0.10.tar.gz
--2018-06-20 19:29:59--  http://download.redis.io/releases/redis-4.0.10.tar.gz
Resolving download.redis.io (download.redis.io)... 109.74.203.151
Connecting to download.redis.io (download.redis.io)|109.74.203.151|:80... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 1738465 (1.7M) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: ‘redis-4.0.10.tar.gz’
100%[==================================================>] 1,738,465   70.1KB/s   in 74s
2018-06-20 19:31:14 (22.9 KB/s) - ‘redis-4.0.10.tar.gz’ saved [1738465/1738465]
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ls redis*
redis-4.0.10.tar.gz
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# gunzip redis-4.0.10.tar.gz
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ls redis*
redis-4.0.10.tar
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# tar -xvf redis-4.0.10.tar
redis-4.0.10/
redis-4.0.10/.gitignore
redis-4.0.10/00-RELEASENOTES
redis-4.0.10/BUGS
redis-4.0.10/CONTRIBUTING
redis-4.0.10/COPYING
redis-4.0.10/INSTALL
redis-4.0.10/MANIFESTO
redis-4.0.10/Makefile
redis-4.0.10/README.md
redis-4.0.10/deps/
redis-4.0.10/deps/Makefile
redis-4.0.10/deps/README.md
...
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# ls redis*
redis-4.0.10.tar
redis-4.0.10:
00-RELEASENOTES  COPYING  Makefile   redis.conf       runtest-sentinel  tests
BUGS             deps     MANIFESTO  runtest          sentinel.conf     utils
CONTRIBUTING     INSTALL  README.md  runtest-cluster  src
10. 其他工具 - sort / uniq / diff / tr / cut / paste / file / wc
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cat foo.txt
grape
apple
pitaya
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cat bar.txt
100
200
300
400
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# paste foo.txt bar.txt
grape   100
apple   200
pitaya  300
        400
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# paste foo.txt bar.txt > hello.txt
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cut -b 4-8 hello.txt
pe      10
le      20
aya     3
0
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# cat hello.txt | tr '\t' ','
grape,100
apple,200
pitaya,300
,400
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# wget https://www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png
--2018-06-20 18:46:53--  https://www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png
Resolving www.baidu.com (www.baidu.com)... 220.181.111.188, 220.181.112.244
Connecting to www.baidu.com (www.baidu.com)|220.181.111.188|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 7877 (7.7K) [image/png]
Saving to: ‘bd_logo1.png’
100%[==================================================>] 7,877       --.-K/s   in 0s
2018-06-20 18:46:53 (118 MB/s) - ‘bd_logo1.png’ saved [7877/7877][root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# file bd_logo1.png
bd_logo1.png: PNG image data, 540 x 258, 8-bit colormap, non-interlaced
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# wc sohu.html
  2979   6355 212527 sohu.html
[root@iZwz97tbgo9lkabnat2lo8Z ~]# wc -l sohu.html
2979 sohu.html
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