系列更新MATLAB各种运算和操作的说明。
本篇主要包括定义函数相关内容(可利用侧边目录直接定位):
- 查询分类并返回
- 参数输入数量的改变
- 声明函数注释与查询注释
- 定义函数的好处之一:运算效率
- 实例演练:GUI计算器设计
前文:
函数封装是一种好习惯~ 容易修改、容易找错、使用方便、程序可读性高 ^ ^
1- 查询分类并返回
例:某校的课程时间如下:
第1节
第2节
第3节
第4节
第5节
第6节
8:00-9:35
9:50-11:25
13:30-15:05
15:20-16:55
17:05-18:40
19:20-20:55
编写函数显示课程时间,要求:输入参数为x,x表示第x节课,当x不在范围内时,报错并退出;输出第x节课的时间;使用switch语句实现。
函数:注意函数定义文件名称需要与函数名称相同,后同
function [f] = classtime(x)
% classtime显示某节课的时间
% 输入x代表第x节课,当x不在范围内时,报错并退出
switch x
case 1
disp('8:00-9:35');
case 2
disp('9:50-11:25');
case 3
disp('13:30-15:05');
case 4
disp('15:20-16:55');
case 5
disp('17:05-18:40');
case 6
disp('19:20-20:55');
otherwise
disp('error');
end
end
命令行输入:
声明查询:
2- 参数输入数量的改变
例:编写函数Exp_Plot,做出y(x)=exp(x)的函数图像。定义域由输入参数决定:
如果有两个输入参数 a,b(a<b),则在区间[a,b]内作图;
如果只有一个输入参数 a,则在区间[a,a+10]内作图;
如果没有输入参数,则默认在区间[0,10]内作图。
函数:
function varargout = Expplot(varargin)
% plot the image of exp
% Expplot.m
n = numel(varargin);
if(n == 0)
x = 0:0.05:10;
varargout = plot(x, exp(x));
elseif(n == 1)
x = varargin{1}:0.05:varargin{1} + 10;
varargout = plot(x, exp(x));
elseif(n == 2)
x = varargin{1}:0.05:varargin{2};
varargout = plot(x, exp(x));
end
end
命令行输入:Expplot(1,2)
图像:
命令行输入:Expplot()
图像:
命令行输入:Expplot(-5)
图像:
3- 声明函数注释与查询注释
在定义函数时使用注释行即可
例:
function f = Sphere1(r)
% Sphere1函数计算半径为r的球的体积
% 程序员姓名: 费曼
% 代码编辑日期: 2024年13月32日
% Sphere1.m
f = 4 * (pi * r^3) / 3;
end
查询时使用help可查询函数声明信息
命令行输入:help Sphere1
返回:
Sphere1函数计算半径为r的球的体积
程序员姓名:费曼
代码编辑日期:2024年13月32日
Sphere1.m
命令行输入:lookfor Sphere1
返回:
Sphere1 - 函数计算半径为r的球的体积
注:虽然matlab函数名称区分大小写,但是用Sphere函数存储到正确路径后help函数搜索出来的还是sphere函数的说明,所以在此使用Sphere1作为函数名称作区分。
4- 定义函数的好处之一:运算效率
自定义函数可以改变输入变量的数量,必要的时候可以
例:已知向量
,分别按照以下方式编写程序计算
,并使用tic/toc比较计算时间。
1)使用for循环对每个元素进行计算
2)使用matlab中的向量操作及自带函数,直接对向量
进行操作
函数:
function f = Xn2(Xn)
% 计算向量Xn的平方
% Xn2.m
sum = 0;
for i = 1:length(Xn)
sum = sum + Xn(i)^2;
end
f = sum;
end
命令行输入:
Xn = 1:1:10^5;
tic
Xn2(Xn);
t = toc
返回值为:16.06574...
直接命令行输入:
Xn = 1:1:10^5;
tic
Xn*Xn';
t = toc
返回值为:19.0682896...
计算时间a小于b,说明定义函数用for循环计算在该题目中速度更快。
5- 实例演练:GUI计算器设计
例:设计GUI计算器
参考:
MATLAB·gui设计简单计算器应用实例_matlab用gui返回计算式子和答案-CSDN博客
(设计界面)
(使用界面)
体会GUI设计的乐趣 =U=
初始代码:
function varargout = calculater(varargin)
% 开始初始化代码 - 不要编辑
gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @calculater_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @calculater_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end
if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
% 结束初始化代码 - 不要编辑
说明:这段代码是一个 MATLAB GUI 应用程序的框架,用于创建和管理图形用户界面。代码中包含了一些注释,说明了函数的不同用途和行为。
calculater
函数是 GUI 的入口点,它处理创建 GUI、响应用户交互和维护 GUI 状态等任务。代码中还包含了对 GUIDE 工具的引用,GUIDE 是 MATLAB 提供的一个用于设计 GUI 的工具。
function calculater_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% 此函数没有输出参数,参见 OutputFcn。
% hObject 图形对象的句柄
% eventdata 保留 - MATLAB 未来版本中定义
% handles 包含句柄和用户数据的结构(见 GUIDATA)
% varargin 传递给 calculater 的命令行参数(见 VARARGIN)
handles.output = hObject;
% 更新 handles 结构
guidata(hObject, handles);
% --- 从此函数输出的返回到命令行。
function varargout = calculater_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% varargout 返回输出参数的单元格数组(见 VARARGOUT);
% hObject 图形对象的句柄
% eventdata 保留 - MATLAB 未来版本中定义
% handles 包含句柄和用户数据的结构(见 GUIDATA)
varargout{1} = handles.output;
% --- 在对象创建期间执行,所有属性设置之后。
function edit1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject edit1 的句柄(见 GCBO)
% eventdata 保留 - MATLAB 未来版本中定义
% handles 包含句柄和用户数据的结构(见 GUIDATA)
% 提示:get(hObject,'String') 返回 edit1 的内容作为文本
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) 返回 edit1 的内容作为双精度数字
% --- 在对象创建时执行,设置所有属性之后。
function edit1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject edit1 的句柄(见 GCBO)
% eventdata 保留 - MATLAB 未来版本中定义
% handles 空 - 在所有 CreateFcns 调用之后才创建句柄
% 提示:在 Windows 上,编辑控件通常有白色背景。
% 参见 ISPC 和 COMPUTER。
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
calculater_OpeningFcn
:当 GUI 变得可见之前执行,用于初始化 GUI。calculater_OutputFcn
:用于从 GUI 返回输出到命令行。edit1_Callback
:当用户与edit1
文本框交互时执行,例如输入文本或改变文本框的内容。edit1_CreateFcn
:在创建edit1
文本框时执行,用于设置文本框的初始属性,如背景颜色。
编辑按钮示例:
% --- 在 pushbutton1 按钮按下时执行。
function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject pushbutton1 的句柄(见 GCBO)
% eventdata 保留 - MATLAB 未来版本中定义
% handles 包含句柄和用户数据的结构(见 GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1, 'String'); % 获取 edit1 文本框的当前文本
textString = strcat(textString, '7'); % 将 '7' 追加到文本末尾
set(handles.edit1, 'String', textString); % 更新 edit1 文本框的文本
% --- 在 pushbutton2 按钮按下时执行。
function pushbutton2_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
textString = get(handles.edit1, 'String'); % 获取 edit1 文本框的当前文本
textString = strcat(textString, '8'); % 将 '8' 追加到文本末尾
set(handles.edit1, 'String', textString); % 更新 edit1 文本框的文本
%...依此类推
% 删除最后一位
function pushbutton13_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
textString = get(handles.edit1, 'String'); % 获取 edit1 文本框的当前文本
str = char(textString); % 将文本转换为字符数组
value = length(str); % 获取字符数组的长度
textString = str(1:value-1); % 从字符数组中删除最后一个字符
set(handles.edit1, 'String', textString); % 更新 edit1 文本框的文本
% 结果“=”
function pushbutton16_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
ans = eval(textString);
set(handles.edit1,'String',ans);
pushbutton1_Callback
:当用户点击数字 "7" 的按钮时执行,将数字 "7" 添加到edit1
文本框的当前内容中。pushbutton2_Callback
:当用户点击数字 "8" 的按钮时执行,将数字 "8" 添加到edit1
文本框的当前内容中。- ...剩下按钮依此类推
- 删除最后一位文本和计算结果等按钮需要额外的命令操作。
实际效果:举例计算1.2*10:
→→→
完整代码:
function varargout = calculater(varargin)
% CALCULATER MATLAB code for calculater.fig
% CALCULATER, by itself, creates a new CALCULATER or raises the existing
% singleton*.
%
% H = CALCULATER returns the handle to a new CALCULATER or the handle to
% the existing singleton*.
%
% CALCULATER('CALLBACK',hObject,eventData,handles,...) calls the local
% function named CALLBACK in CALCULATER.M with the given input arguments.
%
% CALCULATER('Property','Value',...) creates a new CALCULATER or raises the
% existing singleton*. Starting from the left, property value pairs are
% applied to the GUI before calculater_OpeningFcn gets called. An
% unrecognized property name or invalid value makes property application
% stop. All inputs are passed to calculater_OpeningFcn via varargin.
%
% *See GUI Options on GUIDE's Tools menu. Choose "GUI allows only one
% instance to run (singleton)".
%
% See also: GUIDE, GUIDATA, GUIHANDLES
% Edit the above text to modify the response to help calculater
% Last Modified by GUIDE v2.5 05-Nov-2023 13:42:40
% Begin initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
gui_Singleton = 1;
gui_State = struct('gui_Name', mfilename, ...
'gui_Singleton', gui_Singleton, ...
'gui_OpeningFcn', @calculater_OpeningFcn, ...
'gui_OutputFcn', @calculater_OutputFcn, ...
'gui_LayoutFcn', [] , ...
'gui_Callback', []);
if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})
gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});
end
if nargout
[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
else
gui_mainfcn(gui_State, varargin{:});
end
% End initialization code - DO NOT EDIT
% --- Executes just before calculater is made visible.
function calculater_OpeningFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles, varargin)
% This function has no output args, see OutputFcn.
% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% varargin command line arguments to calculater (see VARARGIN)
% Choose default command line output for calculater
handles.output = hObject;
% Update handles structure
guidata(hObject, handles);
% UIWAIT makes calculater wait for user response (see UIRESUME)
% uiwait(handles.figure1);
% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line.
function varargout = calculater_OutputFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% varargout cell array for returning output args (see VARARGOUT);
% hObject handle to figure
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Get default command line output from handles structure
varargout{1} = handles.output;
function edit1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
% Hints: get(hObject,'String') returns contents of edit1 as text
% str2double(get(hObject,'String')) returns contents of edit1 as a double
% --- Executes during object creation, after setting all properties.
function edit1_CreateFcn(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to edit1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles empty - handles not created until after all CreateFcns called
% Hint: edit controls usually have a white background on Windows.
% See ISPC and COMPUTER.
if ispc && isequal(get(hObject,'BackgroundColor'), get(0,'defaultUicontrolBackgroundColor'))
set(hObject,'BackgroundColor','white');
end
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton1.
function pushbutton1_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton1 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'7');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton2.
function pushbutton2_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton2 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'8');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton3.
function pushbutton3_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton3 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'9');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton4.
function pushbutton4_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton4 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'4');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton5.
function pushbutton5_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton5 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'5');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton6.
function pushbutton6_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton6 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'6');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton7.
function pushbutton7_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton7 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'1');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton8.
function pushbutton8_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton8 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'2');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton9.
function pushbutton9_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton9 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'3');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton10.
function pushbutton10_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton10 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
set(handles.edit1,'String','');
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton11.
function pushbutton11_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton11 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'/');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton12.
function pushbutton12_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton12 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'*');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton13.
function pushbutton13_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton13 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
str = char(textString);
value = length(str);
textString = str(1:value-1);
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton14.
function pushbutton14_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton14 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'+');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton15.
function pushbutton15_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton15 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'-');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton16.
function pushbutton16_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton16 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
ans = eval(textString);
set(handles.edit1,'String',ans);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton17.
function pushbutton17_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton17 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'0');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
% --- Executes on button press in pushbutton18.
function pushbutton18_Callback(hObject, eventdata, handles)
% hObject handle to pushbutton18 (see GCBO)
% eventdata reserved - to be defined in a future version of MATLAB
% handles structure with handles and user data (see GUIDATA)
textString = get(handles.edit1,'String');
textString = strcat(textString,'.');
set(handles.edit1,'String',textString);
【本篇完】