第3章 Python 数字图像处理(DIP) - 灰度变换与空间滤波8 - 直方图处理 - 直方图均衡化(全局直方图均衡化)

直方图均衡化

  • 灰度映射函数:
    s = T ( r ) , 0 ≤ r ≤ L − 1 (3.8) s = T(r), \quad 0\leq r \leq L -1 \tag{3.8} s=T(r),0rL1(3.8)

  • 假设:

  • (1) T ( r ) T(r) T(r)在区间 0 ≤ r ≤ L − 1 0 \leq{r} \leq{L-1} 0rL1 上是一个单调递增函数。

  • (2) 对于 0 ≤ r ≤ L − 1 0 \leq{r} \leq{L-1} 0rL1 ,有 0 ≤ T ( r ) ≤ L − 1 0 \leq{T(r)} \leq{L-1} 0T(r)L1

  • 逆变换
    r = T − 1 ( s ) , 0 ≤ s ≤ L − 1 (3.9) r = T^{-1}(s), \quad 0 \leq s \leq L-1 \tag{3.9} r=T1(s),0sL1(3.9)

将条件(1)改为:

  • (1’) T ( r ) T(r) T(r)在区间 0 ≤ r ≤ L − 1 0 \leq{r} \leq{L-1} 0rL1 上是一个严格单调递增函数。

(1)中 T ( r ) T(r) T(r)单调递增的条件保证输出灰度值从不小于对应的输入值,从而防止灰度反转而产生伪像。
(2)保证输出灰度的范围与输入的范围相同。
(1’)保证从 s s s返回到 r r r的映射是一对一的,从而防止出现歧义。

图像的灰度可视为区间 [ 0 , L − 1 ] [0, L-1] [0,L1]内的一个随机变量。令 p r ( r ) p_{r}(r) pr(r) p s ( s ) p_{s}(s) ps(s)表示两幅不同图像中灰度值 r r r s s sPDF(概率密度函数) p p p的下标表明 p r ( r ) p_{r}(r) pr(r) p s ( s ) p_{s}(s) ps(s)是不同的函数。若已知 p r ( r ) p_{r}(r) pr(r) T ( r ) T(r) T(r),且 T ( r ) T(r) T(r)是连续的且在感兴趣的值域上是可微的,则变换(映射)后的变量 s s s的PDF是
p s ( s ) = p r ( r ) ∣ d r d s ∣ (3.10) p_{s}(s) = p_{r}(r) \bigg\lvert \frac{\text{d}r}{\text{d}s}\bigg\rvert \tag{3.10} ps(s)=pr(r)dsdr(3.10)
可以看到输出灰度变量 s s s的PDF是由输入灰度的PDF和所有的变换函数确定的

图像处理中的一个特别重要的变换函数是
s = T ( r ) = ( L − 1 ) ∫ 0 r p r ( w ) d w (3.11) s = T(r) = (L-1) \int_{0}^{r} p_r(w) \text{d} w \tag{3.11} s=T(r)=(L1)0rpr(w)dw(3.11)
w w w是一个假积分变量,右侧的积分是随机变量 r r r累积分布函数(CDF)

根据莱布尼茨积分法则可知
d r d s = d T ( r ) d r = ( L − 1 ) d d r [ ∫ 0 r p r ( w ) d w ] = ( L − 1 ) p r ( r ) (3.12) \frac{\text{d}r}{\text{d}s} = \frac{\text{d}T(r)}{\text{d}r} = (L - 1) \frac{\text{d}}{\text{d}r} \Bigg[\int_{0}^{r} p_r(w) \text{d} w \Bigg] = (L-1)p_{r}(r)\tag{3.12} dsdr=drdT(r)=(L1)drd[0rpr(w)dw]=(L1)pr(r)(3.12)
用这个结果代替式(3.10)的 d r d s \frac{\text{d}r}{\text{d}s} dsdr,并且所有的概率值都是正的,有:
p s ( s ) = p r ( r ) ∣ d r d s ∣ = p r ( r ) ∣ 1 ( L − 1 ) p r ( r ) ∣ = 1 L − 1 ,    0 ≤ s ≤ L − 1 (3.10) p_{s}(s) = p_{r}(r) \bigg\lvert \frac{\text{d}r}{\text{d}s}\bigg\rvert = p_{r}(r) \bigg\lvert \frac{1}{(L-1)p_{r}(r)}\bigg\rvert = \frac{1}{L - 1}, \;0 \leq s \leq L - 1\tag{3.10} ps(s)=pr(r)dsdr=pr(r)(L1)pr(r)1=L11,0sL1(3.10)

直方图均衡化或直方图线性变换
式(3.11)变换的离散形式为:
s k = T ( r k ) = ( L − 1 ) ∑ j = 0 k p r ( r j ) , k = 0 , 1 , 2 , … , L − 1 (3.15) s_{k} = T(r_{k}) = (L -1) \sum_{j=0}^k p_{r}(r_{j}),\quad k = 0, 1, 2, \dots, L-1 \tag{3.15} sk=T(rk)=(L1)j=0kpr(rj),k=0,1,2,,L1(3.15)

def my_calhist(img):
    """
    histogram equalization
    param: input img: uint8[0, 255] grayscale image
    return uint8[0, 255] grayscale image after histogram equalization
    """
    hist, bins = my_hist(img, bins=256, normalized=True)

#--------------------------------Numpy-------------------
    hist_cumsum = np.round(np.cumsum(hist) * 255).astype(int)
    img_dst = img.copy()
    img_dst = hist_cumsum[img_dst]
    
    
#--------------------------------loop----------------------
#     map_dict = {}
#     map_dict = map_dict.fromkeys(bins.astype(int), 0)    
#     for i in bins:
#         s = np.round(255 * hist[:i].sum()).astype(int)
#         map_dict[i] = s
        
#     height, width = img.shape[:2]
#     img_dst = np.zeros([height, width], np.uint8)
#     for h in range(height):
#         for w in range(width):
#             img_dst[h, w] = map_dict[img[h, w]] # dict 用[ ]
#     img_dst = np.clip(img_dst, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)
#     return img_dst, map_dict         
    return img_dst, _
# 直方图均衡化
import time
img_1st = cv2.imread('DIP_Figures/DIP3E_Original_Images_CH03/Fig0316(1)(top_left).tif', 0)
img_2nd = cv2.imread('DIP_Figures/DIP3E_Original_Images_CH03/Fig0316(2)(2nd_from_top).tif', 0)
img_3rd = cv2.imread('DIP_Figures/DIP3E_Original_Images_CH03/Fig0316(3)(third_from_top).tif', 0)
img_4th = cv2.imread('DIP_Figures/DIP3E_Original_Images_CH03/Fig0316(4)(bottom_left).tif', 0)

img_list =['img_1st', 'img_2nd', 'img_3rd', 'img_4th']

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(20, 20))
start_time = time.time()
for i in range(len(img_list)):
    # plot orginal image
    ax = fig.add_subplot(4, 4, i+1)
    ax.imshow(eval(img_list[i]), cmap='gray', vmin=0, vmax=255), ax.set_title('Original')
    
    # plot histogram equalization image
    img_dst, _ = my_calhist(eval(img_list[i]))
    ax1 = fig.add_subplot(4, 4, i+5)
    ax1.imshow(img_dst, cmap='gray', vmin=0, vmax=255), ax1.set_title('After Histogram Equalization')
    
    # plot orginal hist
    ax2 = fig.add_subplot(4, 4, i+9)
    hist, bins = my_hist(eval(img_list[i]), bins=256)
    ax2.bar(bins, hist), ax2.set_title('Original Histogram')
    
    # plot hist after histogram equalization
    ax3 = fig.add_subplot(4, 4, i+13)
    hist, bins = my_hist(img_dst, bins=256)
    ax3.bar(bins, hist), ax3.set_title('Hist After Histogram Equalization')

elapse = time.time() - start_time
print(f'Elapse -> {elapse}s') 
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
Elapse -> 2.3357810974121094s

在这里插入图片描述

def my_calhist(img):
    """
    histogram equalization
    param: input img: uint8[0, 255] grayscale image
    return uint8[0, 255] grayscale image after histogram equalization
    """
    hist, bins = my_hist(img, bins=256, normalized=True)
    hist_cumsum = np.round(np.cumsum(hist) * 255).astype(int)
    
    height, width = img.shape[:2]
    img_dst = np.zeros([height, width], np.uint8)
    for h in range(height):
        for w in range(width):
            img_dst[h, w] = hist_cumsum[img[h, w]] # dict 用[ ]
    img_dst = np.clip(img_dst, 0, 255).astype(np.uint8)
    return img_dst, hist_cumsum
# 直方图均衡化转换函数
img_1st = cv2.imread('DIP_Figures/DIP3E_Original_Images_CH03/Fig0316(1)(top_left).tif', 0)
img_2nd = cv2.imread('DIP_Figures/DIP3E_Original_Images_CH03/Fig0316(2)(2nd_from_top).tif', 0)
img_3rd = cv2.imread('DIP_Figures/DIP3E_Original_Images_CH03/Fig0316(3)(third_from_top).tif', 0)
img_4th = cv2.imread('DIP_Figures/DIP3E_Original_Images_CH03/Fig0316(4)(bottom_left).tif', 0)

img_list =['img_1st', 'img_2nd', 'img_3rd', 'img_4th']

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))
for i in range(len(img_list)):
    # plot histogram equalization transform
    _, map_dict = my_calhist(eval(img_list[i]))
    ax1 = fig.gca()
    ax1.plot(map_dict)
    
plt.xlabel('Original gray value', fontsize=12)
plt.ylabel('Transformed gray value', fontsize=12)
plt.xticks([0, 64, 128, 192, 255])
plt.yticks([0, 64, 128, 192, 255])
plt.xlim([0, 255])
plt.ylim([0, 255])
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

在这里插入图片描述

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