第4章 Python 数字图像处理(DIP) - 频率域滤波1 - 傅里叶级数和变换简史

本章主要讲解频域域滤波的技术，主要技术用到是大家熟悉的傅里叶变换与傅里叶反变换。这里有比较多的篇幅讲解的傅里叶的推导进程，用到Numpy傅里叶变换。本章理论基础比较多，需要更多的耐心来阅读，有发现有错误，可以与我联系。谢谢！

import sys
import numpy as np
import cv2
import matplotlib 
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import PIL
from PIL import Image

print(f"Python version: {sys.version}")
print(f"Numpy version: {np.__version__}")
print(f"Opencv version: {cv2.__version__}")
print(f"Matplotlib version: {matplotlib.__version__}")
print(f"Pillow version: {PIL.__version__}")

Python version: 3.6.12 |Anaconda, Inc.| (default, Sep  9 2020, 00:29:25) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)]
Numpy version: 1.16.6
Opencv version: 3.4.1
Matplotlib version: 3.3.2
Pillow version: 8.0.1

def normalize(mask):
    return (mask - mask.min()) / (mask.max() - mask.min() + 1e-8)

背景

傅里叶级数和变换简史

内容比较多，请自行看书，我就实现一维的傅里叶变换先。

卷积用大小为$m\times n$元素的核对大小为$M\times N$的图像进行滤波时，需要运算次数为$MNmn$。如果核是可分享的，那么运算次数为$MN(m+N)$，而在频率域执行等交的滤波所需要的运算次数为$2MN{\text{log}}_{2}MN$，2表示计算一次正FFT和一次反FFT。

$$C_n(m)=\frac{M^2{m}^2}{2M^2{\text{log}}_2}{M}^2=\frac{m^2}{4{\text{log}}_{2}M}\text{\hspace{1em}(4.1)}$$

如果是可分离核，则变为

$$C_s(m)=\frac{M^2{m}^2}{2M^2{\text{log}}_2{M}^2}=\frac{m}{2{\text{log}}_{2}M}\text{\hspace{1em}(4.2)}$$

当$C(m)>1$时，FFT的方法计算优势更大；而$C(m)\le 1$时，空间滤波的优势更大

# FFT 计算的优势
M = 2048
m = np.arange(0, 1024, 1)
c_n = m**2 / (4 * np.log2(M))
c_s = m / (2 * np.log2(M))
fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 5))
ax_1 = fig.add_subplot(1, 2, 1)
ax_1.plot(c_n)
ax_1.set_xlim([0, 1024])
ax_1.set_xticks([3, 255, 511, 767, 1023])
ax_1.set_ylim([0, 25*1e3])
ax_1.set_yticks([0, 5*1e3, 10*1e3, 15*1e3, 20*1e3, 25*1e3])
ax_2 = fig.add_subplot(1, 2, 2)
ax_2.plot(c_s)
ax_2.set_xlim([0, 1024])
ax_2.set_xticks([3, 255, 511, 767, 1023])
ax_2.set_ylim([0, 5])
ax_2.set_yticks([0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50])
plt.show()

def set_spines_invisible(ax):
    ax.spines['left'].set_color('none')
    ax.spines['right'].set_color('none')
    ax.spines['top'].set_color('none')
    ax.spines['bottom'].set_color('none')

# 不同频率的叠加
x = np.linspace(0, 1, 500)

t = 50
A = 1
y_1 = A * np.sin(t * 2 * np.pi * x)

t = 20
A = 2.5
y_2 = A * np.sin(t * 2 * np.pi * x)

t = 5
A = 3
y_3 = A * np.sin(t * 2 * np.pi * x)

t = 2
A = 20
y_4 = A * np.sin(t * 2 * np.pi * x)

y_5 = y_1 + y_2 + y_3 + y_4

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))

ax_1 = fig.add_subplot(5, 1, 1)
plt.plot(x, y_1), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
set_spines_invisible(ax_1)

ax_2 = fig.add_subplot(5, 1, 2)
plt.plot(x, y_2), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
set_spines_invisible(ax_2)

ax_3 = fig.add_subplot(5, 1, 3)
plt.plot(x, y_3), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
set_spines_invisible(ax_3)

ax_4 = fig.add_subplot(5, 1, 4)
plt.plot(x, y_4), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
set_spines_invisible(ax_4)

ax_5 = fig.add_subplot(5, 1, 5)
plt.plot(x, y_5), plt.xticks([]), plt.yticks([])
set_spines_invisible(ax_5)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()