hashMap概述
基于哈希表的 Map 接口的实现。此实现提供所有可选的映射操作,并允许使用 null 值和 null 键。(除了非同步和允许使用 null 之外,HashMap 类与Hashtable 大致相同。)此类不保证映射的顺序,特别是它不保证该顺序恒久不变
hashMap数据结构
hashMap结构是一个一维数组,数组里又有一个单向的列表,它们存储的都是Entry<K,V>,Entry中有一个属性有一个next指向下一个实体
类图结构
构建函数
推荐使用带初始容量的构造函数,防止使用默认初始容量,当数据量大时不停的扩容,重新排序消耗性能。
HashMap() 构造一个具有默认初始容量 (16) 和默认加载因子 (0.75) 的空 HashMap。 |
HashMap(int initialCapacity) 构造一个带指定初始容量和默认加载因子 (0.75) 的空 HashMap。(推荐使用) |
HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) 构造一个带指定初始容量和加载因子的空 HashMap。 |
HashMap(Map<? extendsK,? extendsV> m) 构造一个映射关系与指定 Map 相同的新 HashMap。 |
属性
/**
* The default initial capacity - MUST be a power of two. 默认初始值容量
*/
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16
/**
* The maximum capacity, used if a higher value is implicitly specified by
* either of the constructors with arguments. MUST be a power of two <=
* 1<<30. 最大容量
*/
static final int MAXIMUM_CAPACITY = 1 << 30;
/**
* The load factor used when none specified in constructor. 默认加载因子
*/
static final float DEFAULT_LOAD_FACTOR = 0.75f;
/**
* An empty table instance to share when the table is not inflated.
* 表格未被填充前的空对象
*/
static final HashMap.Entry<?, ?>[] EMPTY_TABLE = {};
/**
* The table, resized as necessary. Length MUST Always be a power of two.
* 大小改变是不可避免的,长度总是2的幂
*/
transient HashMap.Entry<K, V>[] table = (HashMap.Entry<K, V>[]) EMPTY_TABLE;
/**
* The number of key-value mappings contained in this map. 大小
*/
transient int size;
/**
* The next size value at which to resize (capacity * load factor).
* 临界值=capacity * load factor,当size大于=临界值时,有可能会扩容
*/
// If table == EMPTY_TABLE then this is the initial capacity at which the
// table will be created when inflated.
int threshold;
/**
* The load factor for the hash table. 加载因子
*/
final float loadFactor;
/**
* The number of times this HashMap has been structurally modified
* Structural modifications are those that change the number of mappings in
* the HashMap or otherwise modify its internal structure (e.g., rehash).
* This field is used to make iterators on Collection-views of the HashMap
* fail-fast. (See ConcurrentModificationException).
* 用于快速替代失败使用,当数据put,remove,等变更时modCount++,根据之前的值比较如果不相等抛ConcurrentModificationException
*/
transient int modCount;
样例、图片演示
package com.util;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* @author wangyl
* @description
* @date 2017/10/30
* @see
*/
public class HashMapTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<String,String> map = new HashMap<>(3);
map.put("11","11");
map.put("12","11");
map.put("13","11");
map.put("14","11");
map.put("15","11");
map.put("19","11");
}
}
即使你传入参容量是3,它会根据取3-1<<1得到4,再取4二进制的取高位4为长度,数据的长度2的次方或2的次幂,1,2,4,8,16,32,
看下面四图,了解数据的hashMap数据的填充
第5个元素插入,当数据长度大于了他的临界值(threshold)
1、hashMap里的table会扩容
2、数据重新排序
3、有可能重新生成hashcode值
扩容重新排序
通过hascode &或最余(根据JDK不同)得到的下标并将值保存至下标对应的数据,将对应的next保存之前下标的数据
方法解读
hash
hash用于计算key值,具体原理自己理解
/**
* Retrieve object hash code and applies a supplemental hash function to the
* result hash, which defends against poor quality hash functions. This is
* critical because HashMap uses power-of-two length hash tables, that
* otherwise encounter collisions for hashCodes that do not differ
* in lower bits. Note: Null keys always map to hash 0, thus index 0.
*/
final int hash(Object k) {
int h = hashSeed;
if (0 != h && k instanceof String) {
return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
}
h ^= k.hashCode();
// This function ensures that hashCodes that differ only by
// constant multiples at each bit position have a bounded
// number of collisions (approximately 8 at default load factor).
h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
}
indexFor
根据hashCode值与table数组的长度取hashCode对应的下标,跟h%(lengt-1)得到下标结果是一样的
/**
* Returns index for hash code h.
*/
static int indexFor(int h, int length) {
// assert Integer.bitCount(length) == 1 : "length must be a non-zero power of 2";
return h & (length-1);
}
get
分别有两个方法,key==null和!=null,为null的数据被保存在index=0的数组里
1、得到hashCode
2、得到hashCode对应的数组index
3、通过Entry next迭代Entry,比较hashcode,key是否相等,相等返回value
public V get(Object key) {
if (key == null)
return getForNullKey();
Entry<K,V> entry = getEntry(key);
return null == entry ? null : entry.getValue();
}
/**
* Offloaded version of get() to look up null keys. Null keys map
* to index 0. This null case is split out into separate methods
* for the sake of performance in the two most commonly used
* operations (get and put), but incorporated with conditionals in
* others.
*/
private V getForNullKey() {
if (size == 0) {
return null;
}
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[0]; e != null; e = e.next) {
if (e.key == null)
return e.value;
}
return null;
}
final Entry<K,V> getEntry(Object key) {
if (size == 0) {
return null;
}
int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key);
for (Entry<K,V> e = table[indexFor(hash, table.length)];
e != null;
e = e.next) {
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash &&
((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
return e;
}
return null;
}
put
1、初始化填充值(第一次)
2、得到hashCde
3、通过hashCode得到数组下标
4、找到下标对应的entry,如果key存在则替换并返回
5、key不存在进入addEntry方法
6、判断当前大小是否超过临界值,超时就扩容,重新生成hasCode(根据条件),所有数据重新排序组合(
性能消耗大)
7、添加数据到对应的列表
因为插入是无序的,所以此类不保证映射的顺序
/**
* Associates the specified value with the specified key in this map. If the
* map previously contained a mapping for the key, the old value is
* replaced.
* @param key key with which the specified value is to be associated
* @param value value to be associated with the specified key
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or <tt>null</tt>
* if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>. (A <tt>null</tt> return
* can also indicate that the map previously associated
* <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V put(K key, V value) {
if (table == EMPTY_TABLE) {
inflateTable(threshold);
}
if (key == null)
return putForNullKey(value);
int hash = hash(key);
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
for (Entry<K, V> e = table[i]; e != null; e = e.next) {
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || key.equals(k))) {
V oldValue = e.value;
e.value = value;
e.recordAccess(this);
//如果key存在,更新值并返回旧值
return oldValue;
}
}
modCount++;
addEntry(hash, key, value, i);
return null;
}
/**
* Inflates the table. 第一次put值时,初始化对象,填充值
*/
private void inflateTable(int toSize) {
// Find a power of 2 >= toSize
// 2的幂,取toSize二进制的最高位,比如3二进制为11
int capacity = roundUpToPowerOf2(toSize);
threshold = (int) Math.min(capacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
table = new Entry[capacity];
initHashSeedAsNeeded(capacity);
}
/**
* 取2的幂 如果number==3,3-1<<1的最高位就是4,返回值就是4
*/
private static int roundUpToPowerOf2(int number) {
// assert number >= 0 : "number must be non-negative";
return number >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY ? MAXIMUM_CAPACITY
: (number > 1) ? Integer.highestOneBit((number - 1) << 1) : 1;
}
/**
* Adds a new entry with the specified key, value and hash code to the
* specified bucket. It is the responsibility of this method to resize the
* table if appropriate. Subclass overrides this to alter the behavior of
* put method.
*/
void addEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
// 当大小大于等于临界值时并table[bucketIndex]不为空时,扩容,size*2,size还是2的幂
if ((size >= threshold) && (null != table[bucketIndex])) {
resize(2 * table.length);
hash = (null != key) ? hash(key) : 0;
bucketIndex = indexFor(hash, table.length);
}
createEntry(hash, key, value, bucketIndex);
}
/**
* Like addEntry except that this version is used when creating entries as
* part of Map construction or "pseudo-construction" (cloning,
* deserialization). This version needn't worry about resizing the table.
* Subclass overrides this to alter the behavior of HashMap(Map), clone, and
* readObject.
*/
void createEntry(int hash, K key, V value, int bucketIndex) {
// 将插入的数据放在最前面,并将自己的next指向之前下标的数据
Entry<K, V> e = table[bucketIndex];
table[bucketIndex] = new Entry<>(hash, key, value, e);
size++;
}
/**
* Creates new entry.
*/
Entry(int h, K k, V v, HashMap.Entry<K,V> n) {
value = v;
next = n;
key = k;
hash = h;
}
remove
1、得到hashCde
2、通过hashCode得到数组下标
/**
* Removes the mapping for the specified key from this map if present.
* @param key key whose mapping is to be removed from the map
* @return the previous value associated with <tt>key</tt>, or <tt>null</tt>
* if there was no mapping for <tt>key</tt>. (A <tt>null</tt> return
* can also indicate that the map previously associated
* <tt>null</tt> with <tt>key</tt>.)
*/
public V remove(Object key) {
Entry<K, V> e = removeEntryForKey(key);
return (e == null ? null : e.value);
}
/**
* Removes and returns the entry associated with the specified key in the
* HashMap. Returns null if the HashMap contains no mapping for this key.
* 移除并返回key对应的实体,如果找不到key返回null
*/
final Entry<K, V> removeEntryForKey(Object key) {
if (size == 0) {
return null;
}
int hash = (key == null) ? 0 : hash(key);
int i = indexFor(hash, table.length);
Entry<K, V> prev = table[i];
Entry<K, V> e = prev;
while (e != null) {
Entry<K, V> next = e.next;
Object k;
if (e.hash == hash && ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k)))) {
//modCount++,每次数修改都会++,put,remove,如果迭代时发现modCount修改就会报快速迭代失败异常
modCount++;
size--;
if (prev == e)
table[i] = next;
else
prev.next = next;
e.recordRemoval(this);
return e;
}
prev = e;
e = next;
}
return e;
}
entrySet Iterator hasNext nextEntry
迭代是从下标0开始,下标为0的Entry迭代完,再迭代下标为1的,如果为1的Entry为空,跳过迭代为2的Entry
从代码中可以看出iterator.remove(); 迭代器的remove是会不导致快速迭代失败的,
private abstract class HashIterator<E> implements Iterator<E> {
Entry<K,V> next; // next entry to return
int expectedModCount; // For fast-fail
int index; // current slot
Entry<K,V> current; // current entry
HashIterator() {
expectedModCount = modCount;
if (size > 0) { // advance to first entry
Entry[] t = table;
while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null)
;
}
}
public final boolean hasNext() {
return next != null;
}
final Entry<K,V> nextEntry() {
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
Entry<K,V> e = next;
if (e == null)
throw new NoSuchElementException();
if ((next = e.next) == null) {
Entry[] t = table;
while (index < t.length && (next = t[index++]) == null)
;
}
current = e;
return e;
}
public void remove() {
if (current == null)
throw new IllegalStateException();
if (modCount != expectedModCount)
throw new ConcurrentModificationException();
Object k = current.key;
current = null;
HashMap.this.removeEntryForKey(k);
expectedModCount = modCount;
}
}
数据结构图:
迭代代码:
package com.util;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
/**
* @description
* @date 2017/10/30
* @see
*/
public class HashMapTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>(3);
map.put("11", "11");
map.put("12", "11");
map.put("13", "11");
map.put("14", "11");
map.put("15", "11");
map.put("19", "11");
// 迭代是从下标0开始,下标为0的Entry迭代完,再迭代下标为1的,如果为1的Entry为空,跳过迭代为2的Entry
for (Iterator<Map.Entry<String, String>> iterator = map.entrySet().iterator(); iterator.hasNext();) {
Map.Entry<String, String> entry = iterator.next();
System.out.print(entry.getKey() + "\t");
}
}
}
打印的结果15 13 14 19 11 12