SQL语句PART9

最新推荐文章于 2023-03-20 11:37:35 发布

jeanjeanfang

最新推荐文章于 2023-03-20 11:37:35 发布

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分类专栏： ORACLE 文章标签： sql manager function table extension null

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/jeanjeanfang/article/details/4737033

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Group functions
SELECT [column,] group_function(column) ... FROM table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY group_by_expression] [ORDER BY column];
e.g.:
SELECT department_id, job_id, SUM(salary), COUNT(employee_id) FROM employees GROUP BY department_id, job_id ;
SELECT [column,] group_function(column)... FROM table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY group_by_expression]
[HAVING having_expression] [ORDER BY column];
GROUP BY with ROLLUP and CUBE Operators
1. Use ROLLUP or CUBE with GROUP BY to produce superaggregate rows by cross-referencing columns.
2. ROLLUP grouping produces a result set containing the regular grouped rows and the subtotal values.
3. CUBE grouping produces a result set containing the rows from ROLLUP and cross-tabulation rows.
SELECT [column,] group_function(column). . .FROM table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [ROLLUP] group_by_expression] [HAVING having_expression];[ORDER BY column];
//ROLLUP is an extension to the GROUP BY clause Use the ROLLUP operation to produce cumulative
aggregates, such as subtotals.
e.g. :
select nmoduleinfoid, ndocsortid, salary from t1;
1    1    1000
1    2    2100
1    3    1300
2    4    1400
select nmoduleinfoid, ndocsortid, sum(salary) from t1 group by rollup(nmoduleinfoid, ndocsortid);
1    1    1000
1    2    2100
1    3    1300
1          4400
2    4    1400
2          1400
            5800
SELECT [column,] group_function(column)... FROM table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [CUBE] group_by_expression] [HAVING having_expression] [ORDER BY column];
// CUBE is an extension to the GROUP BY clause. You can use the CUBE operator to produce cross-tabulation
values with a single SELECT statement.
select nmoduleinfoid, ndocsortid, sum(salary) from t1 group by cube(nmoduleinfoid, ndocsortid);
            5800
      1    1000
      2    2100
      3    1300
      4    1400
1          4400
1    1    1000
1    2    2100
1    3    1300
2         1400
2    4    1400
SELECT [column,] group_function(column) .. , GROUPING(expr) FROM table [WHERE condition] [GROUP BY [ROLLUP][CUBE] group_by_expression] [HAVING having_expression] [ORDER BY column];
// The GROUPING function: • Is used with either the CUBE or ROLLUP operator • Is used to find the groups forming the subtotal in a row • Is used to differentiate stored NULL values from NULL values created by ROLLUP or CUBE • Returns 0 or 1
select nmoduleinfoid, ndocsortid, sum(salary), grouping(nmoduleinfoid) as m1,grouping(ndocsortid) as d1 from t1 group by rollup(nmoduleinfoid, ndocsortid);
1    1    1000    0    0
1    2    2100    0    0
1    3    1300    0    0
1          4400    0    1
2    4    1400    0    0
2          1400    0    1
            5800    1    1

Grouping Sets
The GROUPING SETS syntax is used to define multiple groupings in the same query.
• All groupings specified in the GROUPING SETS clause are computed and the results of individual groupings are combined with a UNION ALL operation.
• Grouping set efficiency: – Only one pass over the base table is required. – There is no need to write complex UNION statements. – The more elements GROUPING SETS has, the greater is the performance benefit.
e.g.:
SELECT department_id, job_id, manager_id, SUM(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY ROLLUP( department_id,(job_id, manager_id));
SELECT department_id, job_id, manager_id, SUM(salary) FROM employees GROUP BY department_id, ROLLUP(job_id), CUBE(manager_id);
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当你与COUNT和SUM这类总计函数一起使用GROUP BY语句时，你一般得不到多级总数。GROUP BY中每个唯一的列组合生成一个总数，但这些总数不会“累加”到更高一级的总数中。

要实现这一点，你可以用GROUP BY ROLLUP或GROUP BY CUBE替代GROUP BY，不过它们会生成所有可能的总数，而你可能不需要全部总数。对GROUP BY CUBE而言，将会生成2^n组总数，这里的n是GROUP BY中列的数目。

查看下面的查询，它使用了SH样本模式：

SELECT prod_id, cust_id, channel_id, SUM(quantity_sold)

FROM sales

WHERE cust_id < 3

GROUP BY CUBE (prod_id, cust_id, channel_id)

这将生成8组总数：

可能的组合非常多。GROUP BY CUBE中每增加一列，生成的总数就会翻一番。

可以用GROUP BY GROUPING SETS来代替GROUP BY CUBE。你可以应用来指定你感兴趣的总数组合。因为它不必计算它不需要集合（也不会产生太多结果），所以对SQL引擎来说更为高效。

其格式为：

GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ((list), (list) ... )

这里（list）是圆括号中的一个列序列，这个组合生成一个总数。要增加一个总和，必须增加一个(NUlL)分组集。

例如，如果只要生成每项产品（包括所有顾客和通道）和每个顾客/通道组合（包括所有产品）的总数，可以输入：

SELECT prod_id, cust_id, channel_id, SUM(quantity_sold)

FROM sales

WHERE cust_id < 3

GROUP BY GROUPING SETS (

(prod_id), (cust_id, channel_id)

);

这种方法将这个数据集生成的总数数量从180个减少到37个，并帮助你着重回答你希望解答的问题。

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1、CUBE 和 ROLLUP区别：
CUBE 生成的结果集显示了所选列中值的所有组合的聚合。
ROLLUP 生成的结果集显示了所选列中值的某一层次结构的聚合。
2、GROUPING是一个聚合函数,它产生一个附加的列，当用 CUBE 或 ROLLUP 运算符添加行时，附加的列输出值为1，当所添加的行不是由 CUBE 或 ROLLUP 产生时，附加列值为0。
仅在与包含 CUBE 或 ROLLUP 运算符的 GROUP BY 子句相联系的选择列表中才允许分组。

----------------------------

Controlling the environment:
SET HEADING OFF
SET ECHO OFF
SET FEEDBACK OFF
SET PAGESIZE 0
-- sql statement....
SET HEADING ON
SET FEEDBACK ON
SET PAGESIZE 24
SET ECHO ON
........
COLUMN my_col NEW_VALUE dyn_where_clause
SELECT DECODE('&&deptno', null,
DECODE ('&&hiredate', null, ' ',
'WHERE hire_date=TO_DATE('''||'&&hiredate'',''DD-MON-YYYY'')'),
DECODE ('&&hiredate', null,
'WHERE department_id = ' || '&&deptno',
'WHERE department_id = ' || '&&deptno' ||
' AND hire_date = TO_DATE('''||'&&hiredate'',''DD-MON-YYYY'')'))
AS my_col FROM dual;

Hierarchical Queries
SELECT [LEVEL], column, expr... FROM table [WHERE condition(s)] [START WITH condition(s)] [CONNECT BY PRIOR condition(s)]
condition:
expr comparison_operator expr
1. Starting point: Specifies the condition that must be met, Accepts any valid condition
START WITH column1 = value
e.g.: start with cname='xxx'
2. CONNECT BY PRIOR column1 = column2
Walk from the top down, using the EMPLOYEES table.
e.g.: ... connect by prior employee_id = manager_id
direction:
Top down: Column1 = Parent Key , Column2 = Child Key
Bottom up: Column1 = Child Key, Column2 = Parent Key
e.g.
select entityid, entityname, entityparentid, entitydepth from tbentity
start with entityid=101
connect by prior entityid = entityparentid
e.g.:
select LPAD(entityname, LENGTH(entityname)+(LEVEL*2)-2,'_') AS org_chart
from tbentity
start with entityid=101
connect by prior entityid = entityparentid