C语言 笔\面试

do{ }while (0);

   通过do-while（0）宏定义将代码打包起来，成为一个独立的语法单元，从而不会引起上下文混淆，同时因为绝大多数的编译器都能够识别do{…}while(0)这种无用的循环并进行优化，所以使用这种方法也不会导致程序的性能降低。下面是两个例子。

Imagine a macro of several lines of code like:

#define FOO(x) \
        printf("arg is %s\n", x); \
        do_something_useful(x);

Now imagine using it like:

if (blah == 2)
        FOO(blah);

This interprets to:

if (blah == 2)
        printf("arg is %s\n", blah);
        do_something_useful(blah);;

if (blah == 2)
        do {
                printf("arg is %s\n", blah);
                do_something_useful(blah);
        } while (0);

#define exch(x,y) { int tmp; tmp=x; x=y; y=tmp; }

However that wouldn't work in some cases. The following code is meant to be an if-statement with two branches:

if (x > y)
        exch(x,y);          // Branch 1
else  
        do_something();     // Branch 2

But it would be interpreted as an if-statement with only one branch:

if (x > y) {                // Single-branch if-statement!!!
        int tmp;            // The one and only branch consists
        tmp = x;            // of the block.
        x = y;
        y = tmp;
}
;                           // empty statement
else                        // ERROR!!! "parse error before else"
        do_something();

if (x > y)
        do {
                int tmp;
                tmp = x;
                x = y;
                y = tmp;
        } while(0);
else
        do_something();