Nested Classes和Inner Classes

Nested classes 是指定义在类内部的类，Nested classes分两类：静态与非静态，静态叫static nested classes，非静态的叫inner claess。

class OuterClass {
    ...
    static class StaticNestedClass {
        ...
    }
    class InnerClass {
        ...
    }
}

Nested classes是外围类(enclosing classes)的一个成员，所以可以声明为private, protected , public 或 package private(default)。（外围类只能声明为public, 和default）

Java为什么引入Nested classes

• 使类的设计更合理，比如一个类仅在一个地方使用，此时Nested classes更合适
• 使封装性更好
• 可读性和可维护性更好
• 可以补充实现多继承（Thinking in Java 4e P259 Why inner classes)

Anonymous inner classes

Anonymous inner classes定义在方法中，因为没有类名，所以都通过new 直接创建它的实例。在Anonymous inner classes中可以访问外围的所有成员。

Anonymous inner classes：

class Base {
	String name;
	public Base() { name = "Base"; }
	public Base(String name) {this.name = name;}
}

public class AnonymousInnerClasserTest {

	public Base createBase(){
		//Must be final, refer to relative links in bottom
                final String str = "inner";
		
		return new Base() {
			void setName(){
				this.name = str;
			}
		};
	}
}

Non-final arguments in constructor

public class AnonymousInnerClasserTest {

	public Base createBase(){
		String str = "inner";
		
		return new Base(str) {
			void print() {}
		};
	}
}

Anonymous constuctor in inner class

public class AnonymousInnerClasserTest {

	public Base createBase(){
		String str = "inner";
		
		return new Base(str) {
			{System.out.println(this.name);}
			void print() {}
		};
	}
}

Static nested classes

static nested classes 不能访问外部成员，因为静态类无法访问非静态成员

Inner class 与static nested classes区别：

• Inner class可以访问外围成员，static nested classes不能
• inner class不能拥有静态成员，static nested classes可以

public class InnerAndNested {

	int outer = 10;
	
	//Inner class
	private class InnerClass {
		
		//inner class can't have static member, complier error
		//static String STRING = "TEST";
		//static void test() {}
		
		void print(){
			System.out.println(outer);
		}
	}
	
	//Static nested class
	private static class NestedClass {
		static String STRING = "TEST";
		static void test() {}
		
		//static class can't reference non-static member 
		void print(){
			//System.out.println(outer);
		}
	}
}

相关链接：

Nested Classes

How does java implement inner class closures?

Why inner classes require “final” outer instance variables [Java]?

Cannot refer to a non-final variable inside an inner class defined in a different method