观察者模式

观察者模式介绍

观察者模式定义

观察者模式又叫发布-订阅模式，它定义了一种一对多的依赖关系，多个观察者对象可同时监听某一主题对象，当该主题对象状态发生变化时，相应的所有观察者对象都可收到通知。

设计气象站

实现气象站

public interface Subject{
    public void registerObserver(Observer o);
    public void removeObserver(Observer o);
    public void notifyObservers();
}

public interface Observer{
    public void update(float temp,float humidity,float pressure);
}

public interface DisplayElement{
    public void  display();
}

在WeatherData中实现主题接口

public class WeatherData implements Subject{
    private ArrayList observers;
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;
    private float pressure;

    public WeatherData(){
        observers=new ArrayList();
    }

    public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
        observers.add(o);
    }

    public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
        int i=observers.indexOf(o);
        if(i>=0) {
            observers.remove(i);
        }
    }

    public void notifyObservers() {
        for(int i=0;i<observers.size();i++)
        {
            Observer observer=(Observer)observers.get(i);
            observer.update(temperature,humidity,pressure);
        }
    }

    public void measurementsChanged()
    {
        notifyObservers();
    }

    public void setMeasurements(float temperature,float humidity,float pressure) {
        this.temperature=temperature;
        this.humidity=humidity;
        this.pressure=pressure;
        measurementsChanged();
    }
}

建立布告板

public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer,DisplayElement{
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;
    private Subject weatherData;

    public CurrrentConditionsDisplay(Subject weatherData) {
        this.weatherData=weatherData;
        weatherData.registerObserver(this);
    }

    public void update(float temperature,float humidity,float pressure) {
        this.temperature=temperature;
        this.humidity=humidity;
        display();
    }

    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Current conditions:"+temperature+"F degrees and "+humidity+"% humidity");
    }
}

启动气象站

public class WeatherStation{
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        WeatherData weatherData=new WeatherData();
        CurrentConditionsDisplay currentConditionsDisplay=new CurrentConditionsDisplay(weatherData);
//      StatisticsDisplay statisticsDisplay=new StatisticsDisplay(weatherData);
//      ForecastDisplay forestatisDisplay=new ForecastDisplay(weatherData);

        weatherData.setMeasurements(80,65,30.4f);
        weatherData.setMeasurements(82,70,29.2f);
        weatherData.setMeasurements(78,90,29.2f);
    }
}

观察者模式优点

• 抽象主题只依赖于抽象观察者
• 观察者模式支持广播通信
• 观察者模式使信息产生层和响应层分离

观察者模式缺点

• 如一个主题被大量观察者注册，则通知所有观察者会花费较高代价
• 如果某些观察者的响应方法被阻塞，整个通知过程即被阻塞，其它观察者不能及时被通知

Java内置的观察者模式如何运作

首先，把WeatherData改成使用java.util.Observable

import java.util.Observable;

public class WeatherData extends Observable{

    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;
    private float pressure;

    public WeatherData() {}

    public void measurementsChanged() {
        setChanged();
        notifyObservers();
    }

    public void setMeasurements(float temperature,float humidiy,float pressure) {
        this.temperature=temperature;
        this.humidity=humidiy;
        this.pressure=pressure;
        measurementsChanged();
    }

    public float getTemperature() {
        return temperature;
    }

    public float getHumidity() {
        return humidity;
    }

    public float getPressure() {
        return pressure;
    }

}

现在，让我们重做CurrentConditionsDisplay

import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;

public class CurrentConditionsDisplay implements Observer,DisplayElement{

    Observable observable;
    private float temperature;
    private float humidity;

    public CurrentConditionsDisplay(Observable observable) {
        this.observable=observable;
        observable.addObserver(this);
    }

    public void update(Observable obs,Object arg) {
        if(obs instanceof WeatherData) {
            WeatherData weatherData=(WeatherData)obs;
            this.temperature=weatherData.getTemperature();
            this.temperature=weatherData.getHumidity();
            display();
        }
    }

    public void display() {
        System.out.println("Current conditions: "+temperature+" F degrees and "+humidity+"% humidity");
    }
}