Vulkan学习（十五）: 总结

最新推荐文章于 2025-03-28 09:29:48 发布
最新推荐文章于 2025-03-28 09:29:48 发布
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分类专栏： 图形 文章标签： vulkan
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本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/jiamada/article/details/118066003
版权
本文档详细介绍了Vulkan开发环境搭建、Shader编写、渲染循环、资源管理等关键步骤，包括Vulkan实例创建、表面选择、逻辑驱动选择、多采样支持及深度资源管理。

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目录

Vulkan-Tutorial 学习相关资源整理

  • Vulkan-Tutorial PDF下载地址：https://vulkan-tutorial.com/
  • Vulkan SDK下载地址：https://vulkan.lunarg.com/
  • GLFW 下载地址：https://www.glfw.org/
  • GLM下载地址：https://github.com/g-truc/glm.git
  • stb_image.h下载地址：https://github.com/nothings/stb.git
  • tiny_obj_loader.h下载地址：https://github.com/tinyobjloader/tinyobjloader.git
  • 官方教程代码下载地址：https://github.com/Overv/VulkanTutorial.git

开发环境搭建

  1. 下载所有教程资源
  2. 安装Vulkan SDK，直接默认安装即可（记住安装路径）
  3. 编译GLM，用Cmake + VS编译
  4. 新建include目录和lib目录
  5. 将 glm 文件中的 glm 文件夹及其内所有文件复制到 include 文件夹中
  6. 将 stb 文件夹中 stb_image.h 复制到 include 文件夹中
  7. 将 tinyobjloader 文件夹中 tiny_obj_loader.h 复制到 include 文件夹中
  8. 将 glfw-3.3.4\include 中 GLFW 复制到 include 文件夹中
  9. 将 glfw-3.3.4\build\src\Release 中 glfw3.lib 复制到 lib 文件夹中
  10. VS工程中引入 include 和 lib 文件夹。并链接 glfw3.lib
  11. VS工程中引入 Vulkan SDK 的 Include 文件夹：VulkanSDK\1.2.176.1\Include
  12. VS工程中引入 Vulkan SDK 的 Lib 文件夹：VulkanSDK\1.2.176.1\Lib
  13. VS工程链接 vulkan-1.lib
  14. C++语言标准设置为：ISO C++17 标准 (/std:c++17)

Compile Shader

Shader

在工程根目录中新建 shaders 文件夹放入两个 shader 文件

shader.vert

	#version 450
	#version 450
	#extension GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects : enable
	
	
	layout(binding = 0) uniform UniformBufferObject {
	  mat4 model;
	  mat4 view;
	  mat4 proj;
	} ubo;
	
	layout(location = 0) in vec3 inPosition;
	layout(location = 1) in vec3 inColor;
	layout(location = 2) in vec2 inTexCoord;
	
	layout(location = 0) out vec3 fragColor;
	layout(location = 1) out vec2 fragTexCoord;
	
	
	void main() {
	  gl_Position = ubo.proj * ubo.view * ubo.model * vec4(inPosition, 1.0);
	  fragColor = inColor;
	  fragTexCoord = inTexCoord;
	}

shader.frag

	#version 450
	#extension GL_ARB_separate_shader_objects : enable
	
	layout(location = 0) in vec3 fragColor;
	layout(location = 1) in vec2 fragTexCoord;
	
	layout(location = 0) out vec4 outColor;
	
	layout(binding = 1) uniform sampler2D texSampler;
	
	void main() {
	  outColor = texture(texSampler, fragTexCoord);
	}

Compile

在shaders文件夹新建 bat 文件放置下列命令

C:\VulkanSDK\1.2.176.1\Bin32\glslc.exe shader.vert -o shaders/vert.spv
C:\VulkanSDK\1.2.176.1\Bin32\glslc.exe shader.frag -o shaders/frag.spv
pause

素材

  • 在工程根目录中新建 models 文件夹，并放入 VulkanTutorial\resources 中的 viking_room.obj
  • 在工程根目录中新建 textures文件夹，并放入 VulkanTutorial\resources 中的 viking_room.png

Vulkan 教程项目结构

初始化 Vulkan 相关

（！！为每次渲染都需要创建的内容）

-- 创建 Vulkan 实例：
	。ValidationLayerSupport：验证层在Debug的时候开启，在release的时候关闭，用于捕获异常。（第一节）
	。RequiredInstanceExtensions：获取支持使用的全局扩展。（第一节）
	。vkCreateInstance： 创建实例
-- 	创建debug工具 setupDebugMessenger。（第一节）
-- 创建 Surface 这里指定的是 glfw 的 surface ：glfwCreateWindowSurface
-- 选择显卡 
	。列出所有显卡：vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices。
	。isDeviceSuitable()：选择合适的显卡。
	。获取选择显卡支持的多重采样的个数，为抗锯齿做准备
-- 创建逻辑驱动器 vkCreateDevice
！！-- 创建 SwapChain：vkCreateSwapchainKHR
！！-- 创建 ImageViews：	个数取决于逻辑驱动支持的最大数
！！-- 创建 RenderPass:  其中包含
	。colorAttachment
	。depthAttachment
	。colorAttachmentResolve 用于多重采样
	。subpass
-- 创建 DescriptorSetLayout 是着色器自由访问缓冲区和图像等资源的一种方式（第十一节）
	。uboLayoutBinding：UNIFORM_BUFFER
	。samplerLayoutBinding：IMAGE_SAMPLER
	。 vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout
！！-- 创建 GraphicsPipeline
	。createShaderModule: vkCreateShaderModule 读取shader字符串并编译shader
	。vertShaderStageInfo：顶点着色器配置
	。fragShaderStageInfo：片元着色器设置
	。vertexInputInfo ： 包括 getBindingDescription 和 getAttributeDescriptions 即绑定模型数据
	。inputAssembly : 设置输入模型数据的属性
	。viewport 相关
	。RasterizationState：光栅化设置
	。Multisample：多重采样相关
	。DepthStencil：深度和模板设置相关
	。ColorBlend：颜色混合相关
	。vkCreatePipelineLayout
	。vkCreateGraphicsPipelines
	。创建完 Pipelin e后销毁 ShaderModule
-- 创建 CommandPool
！！-- 创建 ColorResources：包括 createImage 和 createImageView
！！-- 创建 DepthResources：包括 createImage 和 createImageView
！！-- 创建 Framebuffers：buffer的数量与 swapChainImageViews 相同
-- 创建 TextureImage：
	。createBuffer： 创建缓存区
	。vkMapMemory：将读取到内存的贴图数据映射到缓冲区
	。memcpy：将贴图数据拷贝到缓冲区
	。vkUnmapMemory：解除映射
	。createImage：创建 image
	。copyBufferToImage：将缓冲区贴图数据复制到Image中
	。vkDestroyBuffer：删除缓冲区
	。vkFreeMemory：释放内存
	。generateMipmaps：生成mipmap
-- 创建TextureImageView
-- 创建 TextureSampler
-- 加载模型
-- 创建VBO
	。createBuffer
	。vkMapMemory
	。memcpy
	。vkUnmapMemory
	。createBuffer
	。copyBuffer
	。vkDestroyBuffer
	。vkFreeMemory
-- 创建 IBO 同上
！！-- 创建 UniformBuffers：与 swapChainImages 数量相同
！！-- 创建 DescriptorPool：用于绑定 UNIFORM_BUFFER 和 IMAGE_SAMPLER
！！-- 创建 DescriptorSets：用于写入 UNIFORM_BUFFER 和 IMAGE_SAMPLER 所绑定的值
！！-- 创建 CommandBuffers：用于绑定所有用于渲染的资源
	。vkBeginCommandBuffer：遍历 commandBuffers 设置执行渲染的命令
	。vkCmdBeginRenderPass
	。vkCmdBindPipeline
	。vkCmdBindVertexBuffers
	。vkCmdBindIndexBuffer
	。vkCmdBindDescriptorSets
	。vkCmdDrawIndexed
	。vkCmdEndRenderPass
-- 创建 SyncObjects 用于同步或异步渲染资源管理（锁）
	。vkCreateSemaphore
	。vkCreateFence

渲染循环相关

-- vkWaitForFences：锁
-- vkAcquireNextImageKHR：获取渲染图片
-- recreateSwapChain：重置SwapChain
	。glfwGetFramebufferSize：重新设置渲染窗口大小
	。vkDeviceWaitIdle：锁
	。cleanupSwapChain：清理SwapChain相关资源
		- vkDestroyImageView：包括：深度和 Color ImageView
		- vkDestroyImage：包括：深度和 Color Image
		- vkFreeMemory：包括：深度和 Color ImageMemory
		- vkDestroyFramebuffer
		- vkFreeCommandBuffers
		- vkDestroyPipeline
		- vkDestroyPipelineLayout
		- vkDestroyRenderPass
		- vkDestroyImageView
		- vkDestroySwapchainKHR
		- vkDestroyBuffer：uniformBuffers
		- vkFreeMemory：uniformBuffersMemory
		- vkDestroyDescriptorPool
	。createSwapChain
	。createImageViews
	。createRenderPass
	。createGraphicsPipeline
	。createColorResources
	。createDepthResources
	。createFramebuffers
	。createUniformBuffers
	。createDescriptorPool
	。createDescriptorSets
	。createCommandBuffers
-- updateUniformBuffer
-- vkWaitForFences
-- vkResetFences
-- vkQueueSubmit

销毁 Vulkan 实例

-- cleanupSwapChain
-- vkDestroySampler
-- vkDestroyImageView
-- 	vkDestroyImage
-- vkFreeMemory
-- vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout
-- vkDestroyBuffer
-- vkFreeMemory
-- vkDestroySemaphore
-- vkDestroyFence
-- vkDestroyCommandPool
-- vkDestroyDevice
-- DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT
-- vkDestroySurfaceKHR
-- vkDestroyInstance

Code

#define GLFW_INCLUDE_VULKAN
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>

#define GLM_FORCE_RADIANS
#define GLM_FORCE_DEPTH_ZERO_TO_ONE
#define GLM_ENABLE_EXPERIMENTAL
#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>
#include <glm/gtx/hash.hpp>

#define STB_IMAGE_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <stb_image.h>

#define TINYOBJLOADER_IMPLEMENTATION
#include <tiny_obj_loader.h>

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <stdexcept>
#include <algorithm>
#include <chrono>
#include <vector>
#include <cstring>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <cstdint>
#include <array>
#include <optional>
#include <set>
#include <unordered_map>

const uint32_t WIDTH = 800;
const uint32_t HEIGHT = 600;

const std::string MODEL_PATH = "models/viking_room.obj";
const std::string TEXTURE_PATH = "textures/viking_room.png";

const int MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT = 2;

const std::vector<const char*> validationLayers = {
	"VK_LAYER_KHRONOS_validation"
};

const std::vector<const char*> deviceExtensions = {
	VK_KHR_SWAPCHAIN_EXTENSION_NAME
};

#ifdef NDEBUG
const bool enableValidationLayers = false;
#else
const bool enableValidationLayers = true;
#endif

VkResult CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT* pCreateInfo, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT* pDebugMessenger) {
	auto func = (PFN_vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkCreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
	if (func != nullptr) {
		return func(instance, pCreateInfo, pAllocator, pDebugMessenger);
	}
	else {
		return VK_ERROR_EXTENSION_NOT_PRESENT;
	}
}

void DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(VkInstance instance, VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger, const VkAllocationCallbacks* pAllocator) {
	auto func = (PFN_vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT)vkGetInstanceProcAddr(instance, "vkDestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT");
	if (func != nullptr) {
		func(instance, debugMessenger, pAllocator);
	}
}

struct QueueFamilyIndices {
	std::optional<uint32_t> graphicsFamily;
	std::optional<uint32_t> presentFamily;

	bool isComplete() {
		return graphicsFamily.has_value() && presentFamily.has_value();
	}
};

struct SwapChainSupportDetails {
	VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR capabilities;
	std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR> formats;
	std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR> presentModes;
};

struct Vertex {
	glm::vec3 pos;
	glm::vec3 color;
	glm::vec2 texCoord;

	static VkVertexInputBindingDescription getBindingDescription() {
		VkVertexInputBindingDescription bindingDescription{};
		bindingDescription.binding = 0;
		bindingDescription.stride = sizeof(Vertex);
		bindingDescription.inputRate = VK_VERTEX_INPUT_RATE_VERTEX;

		return bindingDescription;
	}

	static std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> getAttributeDescriptions() {
		std::array<VkVertexInputAttributeDescription, 3> attributeDescriptions{};

		attributeDescriptions[0].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].location = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[0].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[0].offset = offsetof(Vertex, pos);

		attributeDescriptions[1].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[1].location = 1;
		attributeDescriptions[1].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[1].offset = offsetof(Vertex, color);

		attributeDescriptions[2].binding = 0;
		attributeDescriptions[2].location = 2;
		attributeDescriptions[2].format = VK_FORMAT_R32G32_SFLOAT;
		attributeDescriptions[2].offset = offsetof(Vertex, texCoord);

		return attributeDescriptions;
	}

	bool operator==(const Vertex& other) const {
		return pos == other.pos && color == other.color && texCoord == other.texCoord;
	}
};

namespace std {
	template<> struct hash<Vertex> {
		size_t operator()(Vertex const& vertex) const {
			return ((hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.pos) ^ (hash<glm::vec3>()(vertex.color) << 1)) >> 1) ^ (hash<glm::vec2>()(vertex.texCoord) << 1);
		}
	};
}

struct UniformBufferObject {
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 model;
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 view;
	alignas(16) glm::mat4 proj;
};

class HelloTriangleApplication {
public:
	void run() {
		initWindow();
		initVulkan();
		mainLoop();
		cleanup();
	}

private:
	GLFWwindow* window;

	VkInstance instance;
	VkDebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugMessenger;
	VkSurfaceKHR surface;

	VkPhysicalDevice physicalDevice = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
	VkSampleCountFlagBits msaaSamples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
	VkDevice device;

	VkQueue graphicsQueue;
	VkQueue presentQueue;

	VkSwapchainKHR swapChain;
	std::vector<VkImage> swapChainImages;
	VkFormat swapChainImageFormat;
	VkExtent2D swapChainExtent;
	std::vector<VkImageView> swapChainImageViews;
	std::vector<VkFramebuffer> swapChainFramebuffers;

	VkRenderPass renderPass;
	VkDescriptorSetLayout descriptorSetLayout;
	VkPipelineLayout pipelineLayout;
	VkPipeline graphicsPipeline;

	VkCommandPool commandPool;

	VkImage colorImage;
	VkDeviceMemory colorImageMemory;
	VkImageView colorImageView;

	VkImage depthImage;
	VkDeviceMemory depthImageMemory;
	VkImageView depthImageView;

	uint32_t mipLevels;
	VkImage textureImage;
	VkDeviceMemory textureImageMemory;
	VkImageView textureImageView;
	VkSampler textureSampler;

	std::vector<Vertex> vertices;
	std::vector<uint32_t> indices;
	VkBuffer vertexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory vertexBufferMemory;
	VkBuffer indexBuffer;
	VkDeviceMemory indexBufferMemory;

	std::vector<VkBuffer> uniformBuffers;
	std::vector<VkDeviceMemory> uniformBuffersMemory;

	VkDescriptorPool descriptorPool;
	std::vector<VkDescriptorSet> descriptorSets;

	std::vector<VkCommandBuffer> commandBuffers;

	std::vector<VkSemaphore> imageAvailableSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkSemaphore> renderFinishedSemaphores;
	std::vector<VkFence> inFlightFences;
	std::vector<VkFence> imagesInFlight;
	size_t currentFrame = 0;

	bool framebufferResized = false;

	void initWindow() {
		glfwInit();

		glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CLIENT_API, GLFW_NO_API);

		window = glfwCreateWindow(WIDTH, HEIGHT, "Vulkan", nullptr, nullptr);
		glfwSetWindowUserPointer(window, this);
		glfwSetFramebufferSizeCallback(window, framebufferResizeCallback);
	}

	static void framebufferResizeCallback(GLFWwindow* window, int width, int height) {
		auto app = reinterpret_cast<HelloTriangleApplication*>(glfwGetWindowUserPointer(window));
		app->framebufferResized = true;
	}

	void initVulkan() {
		createInstance();
		setupDebugMessenger();
		createSurface();
		pickPhysicalDevice();
		createLogicalDevice();
		
		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createDescriptorSetLayout();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		createCommandPool();
		createColorResources();
		createDepthResources();
		createFramebuffers();
		createTextureImage();
		createTextureImageView();
		createTextureSampler();
		loadModel();
		createVertexBuffer();
		createIndexBuffer();
		createUniformBuffers();
		createDescriptorPool();
		createDescriptorSets();
		createCommandBuffers();
		createSyncObjects();
	}

	void mainLoop() {
		while (!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) {
			glfwPollEvents();
			drawFrame();
		}

		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);
	}

	void cleanupSwapChain() {
		vkDestroyImageView(device, depthImageView, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, depthImage, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, depthImageMemory, nullptr);

		vkDestroyImageView(device, colorImageView, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImage(device, colorImage, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, colorImageMemory, nullptr);

		for (auto framebuffer : swapChainFramebuffers) {
			vkDestroyFramebuffer(device, framebuffer, nullptr);
		}

		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, static_cast<uint32_t>(commandBuffers.size()), commandBuffers.data());

		vkDestroyPipeline(device, graphicsPipeline, nullptr);
		vkDestroyPipelineLayout(device, pipelineLayout, nullptr);
		vkDestroyRenderPass(device, renderPass, nullptr);

		for (auto imageView : swapChainImageViews) {
			vkDestroyImageView(device, imageView, nullptr);
		}

		vkDestroySwapchainKHR(device, swapChain, nullptr);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			vkDestroyBuffer(device, uniformBuffers[i], nullptr);
			vkFreeMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[i], nullptr);
		}

		vkDestroyDescriptorPool(device, descriptorPool, nullptr);
	}

	void cleanup() {
		cleanupSwapChain();

		vkDestroySampler(device, textureSampler, nullptr);
		vkDestroyImageView(device, textureImageView, nullptr);

		vkDestroyImage(device, textureImage, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, textureImageMemory, nullptr);

		vkDestroyDescriptorSetLayout(device, descriptorSetLayout, nullptr);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, indexBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, indexBufferMemory, nullptr);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, vertexBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, vertexBufferMemory, nullptr);

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, renderFinishedSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroySemaphore(device, imageAvailableSemaphores[i], nullptr);
			vkDestroyFence(device, inFlightFences[i], nullptr);
		}

		vkDestroyCommandPool(device, commandPool, nullptr);

		vkDestroyDevice(device, nullptr);

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			DestroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, debugMessenger, nullptr);
		}

		vkDestroySurfaceKHR(instance, surface, nullptr);
		vkDestroyInstance(instance, nullptr);

		glfwDestroyWindow(window);

		glfwTerminate();
	}

	void recreateSwapChain() {
		int width = 0, height = 0;
		glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
		while (width == 0 || height == 0) {
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);
			glfwWaitEvents();
		}

		vkDeviceWaitIdle(device);

		cleanupSwapChain();

		createSwapChain();
		createImageViews();
		createRenderPass();
		createGraphicsPipeline();
		createColorResources();
		createDepthResources();
		createFramebuffers();
		createUniformBuffers();
		createDescriptorPool();
		createDescriptorSets();
		createCommandBuffers();

		imagesInFlight.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE);
	}

	void createInstance() {
		if (enableValidationLayers && !checkValidationLayerSupport()) {
			throw std::runtime_error("validation layers requested, but not available!");
		}

		VkApplicationInfo appInfo{};
		appInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_APPLICATION_INFO;
		appInfo.pApplicationName = "Hello Triangle";
		appInfo.applicationVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.pEngineName = "No Engine";
		appInfo.engineVersion = VK_MAKE_VERSION(1, 0, 0);
		appInfo.apiVersion = VK_API_VERSION_1_0;

		VkInstanceCreateInfo createInfo{};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_INSTANCE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.pApplicationInfo = &appInfo;

		auto extensions = getRequiredExtensions();
		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(extensions.size());
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = extensions.data();

		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT debugCreateInfo{};
		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();

			populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(debugCreateInfo);
			createInfo.pNext = (VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT*)&debugCreateInfo;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;

			createInfo.pNext = nullptr;
		}

		if (vkCreateInstance(&createInfo, nullptr, &instance) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create instance!");
		}
	}

	void populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT& createInfo) {
		createInfo = {};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSENGER_CREATE_INFO_EXT;
		createInfo.messageSeverity = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_VERBOSE_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_WARNING_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_SEVERITY_ERROR_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.messageType = VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_GENERAL_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_VALIDATION_BIT_EXT | VK_DEBUG_UTILS_MESSAGE_TYPE_PERFORMANCE_BIT_EXT;
		createInfo.pfnUserCallback = debugCallback;
	}

	void setupDebugMessenger() {
		if (!enableValidationLayers) return;

		VkDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT createInfo;
		populateDebugMessengerCreateInfo(createInfo);

		if (CreateDebugUtilsMessengerEXT(instance, &createInfo, nullptr, &debugMessenger) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to set up debug messenger!");
		}
	}

	void createSurface() {
		if (glfwCreateWindowSurface(instance, window, nullptr, &surface) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create window surface!");
		}
	}

	void pickPhysicalDevice() {
		uint32_t deviceCount = 0;
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, nullptr);

		if (deviceCount == 0) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find GPUs with Vulkan support!");
		}

		std::vector<VkPhysicalDevice> devices(deviceCount);
		vkEnumeratePhysicalDevices(instance, &deviceCount, devices.data());

		for (const auto& device : devices) {
			if (isDeviceSuitable(device)) {
				physicalDevice = device;
				msaaSamples = getMaxUsableSampleCount();
				break;
			}
		}

		if (physicalDevice == VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to find a suitable GPU!");
		}
	}

	void createLogicalDevice() {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

		std::vector<VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo> queueCreateInfos;
		std::set<uint32_t> uniqueQueueFamilies = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

		float queuePriority = 1.0f;
		for (uint32_t queueFamily : uniqueQueueFamilies) {
			VkDeviceQueueCreateInfo queueCreateInfo{};
			queueCreateInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_QUEUE_CREATE_INFO;
			queueCreateInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamily;
			queueCreateInfo.queueCount = 1;
			queueCreateInfo.pQueuePriorities = &queuePriority;
			queueCreateInfos.push_back(queueCreateInfo);
		}

		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures deviceFeatures{};
		deviceFeatures.samplerAnisotropy = VK_TRUE;

		VkDeviceCreateInfo createInfo{};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DEVICE_CREATE_INFO;

		createInfo.queueCreateInfoCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(queueCreateInfos.size());
		createInfo.pQueueCreateInfos = queueCreateInfos.data();

		createInfo.pEnabledFeatures = &deviceFeatures;

		createInfo.enabledExtensionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(deviceExtensions.size());
		createInfo.ppEnabledExtensionNames = deviceExtensions.data();

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(validationLayers.size());
			createInfo.ppEnabledLayerNames = validationLayers.data();
		}
		else {
			createInfo.enabledLayerCount = 0;
		}

		if (vkCreateDevice(physicalDevice, &createInfo, nullptr, &device) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create logical device!");
		}

		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.graphicsFamily.value(), 0, &graphicsQueue);
		vkGetDeviceQueue(device, indices.presentFamily.value(), 0, &presentQueue);
	}

	void createSwapChain() {
		SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(physicalDevice);

		VkSurfaceFormatKHR surfaceFormat = chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(swapChainSupport.formats);
		VkPresentModeKHR presentMode = chooseSwapPresentMode(swapChainSupport.presentModes);
		VkExtent2D extent = chooseSwapExtent(swapChainSupport.capabilities);

		uint32_t imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.minImageCount + 1;
		if (swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount > 0 && imageCount > swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount) {
			imageCount = swapChainSupport.capabilities.maxImageCount;
		}

		VkSwapchainCreateInfoKHR createInfo{};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SWAPCHAIN_CREATE_INFO_KHR;
		createInfo.surface = surface;

		createInfo.minImageCount = imageCount;
		createInfo.imageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		createInfo.imageColorSpace = surfaceFormat.colorSpace;
		createInfo.imageExtent = extent;
		createInfo.imageArrayLayers = 1;
		createInfo.imageUsage = VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT;

		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);
		uint32_t queueFamilyIndices[] = { indices.graphicsFamily.value(), indices.presentFamily.value() };

		if (indices.graphicsFamily != indices.presentFamily) {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_CONCURRENT;
			createInfo.queueFamilyIndexCount = 2;
			createInfo.pQueueFamilyIndices = queueFamilyIndices;
		}
		else {
			createInfo.imageSharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;
		}

		createInfo.preTransform = swapChainSupport.capabilities.currentTransform;
		createInfo.compositeAlpha = VK_COMPOSITE_ALPHA_OPAQUE_BIT_KHR;
		createInfo.presentMode = presentMode;
		createInfo.clipped = VK_TRUE;

		if (vkCreateSwapchainKHR(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &swapChain) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create swap chain!");
		}

		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, nullptr);
		swapChainImages.resize(imageCount);
		vkGetSwapchainImagesKHR(device, swapChain, &imageCount, swapChainImages.data());

		swapChainImageFormat = surfaceFormat.format;
		swapChainExtent = extent;
	}

	void createImageViews() {
		swapChainImageViews.resize(swapChainImages.size());

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			swapChainImageViews[i] = createImageView(swapChainImages[i], swapChainImageFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 1);
		}
	}

	void createRenderPass() {
		VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachment{};
		colorAttachment.format = swapChainImageFormat;
		colorAttachment.samples = msaaSamples;
		colorAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		colorAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		colorAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		colorAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkAttachmentDescription depthAttachment{};
		depthAttachment.format = findDepthFormat();
		depthAttachment.samples = msaaSamples;
		depthAttachment.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_CLEAR;
		depthAttachment.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		depthAttachment.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		depthAttachment.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkAttachmentDescription colorAttachmentResolve{};
		colorAttachmentResolve.format = swapChainImageFormat;
		colorAttachmentResolve.samples = VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
		colorAttachmentResolve.loadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.storeOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_STORE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.stencilLoadOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_LOAD_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.stencilStoreOp = VK_ATTACHMENT_STORE_OP_DONT_CARE;
		colorAttachmentResolve.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		colorAttachmentResolve.finalLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_PRESENT_SRC_KHR;

		VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentRef{};
		colorAttachmentRef.attachment = 0;
		colorAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkAttachmentReference depthAttachmentRef{};
		depthAttachmentRef.attachment = 1;
		depthAttachmentRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkAttachmentReference colorAttachmentResolveRef{};
		colorAttachmentResolveRef.attachment = 2;
		colorAttachmentResolveRef.layout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OPTIMAL;

		VkSubpassDescription subpass{};
		subpass.pipelineBindPoint = VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS;
		subpass.colorAttachmentCount = 1;
		subpass.pColorAttachments = &colorAttachmentRef;
		subpass.pDepthStencilAttachment = &depthAttachmentRef;
		subpass.pResolveAttachments = &colorAttachmentResolveRef;

		VkSubpassDependency dependency{};
		dependency.srcSubpass = VK_SUBPASS_EXTERNAL;
		dependency.dstSubpass = 0;
		dependency.srcStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
		dependency.srcAccessMask = 0;
		dependency.dstStageMask = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT | VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_EARLY_FRAGMENT_TESTS_BIT;
		dependency.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT | VK_ACCESS_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_WRITE_BIT;

		std::array<VkAttachmentDescription, 3> attachments = { colorAttachment, depthAttachment, colorAttachmentResolve };
		VkRenderPassCreateInfo renderPassInfo{};
		renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_CREATE_INFO;
		renderPassInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
		renderPassInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
		renderPassInfo.subpassCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pSubpasses = &subpass;
		renderPassInfo.dependencyCount = 1;
		renderPassInfo.pDependencies = &dependency;

		if (vkCreateRenderPass(device, &renderPassInfo, nullptr, &renderPass) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create render pass!");
		}
	}

	void createDescriptorSetLayout() {
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding uboLayoutBinding{};
		uboLayoutBinding.binding = 0;
		uboLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
		uboLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
		uboLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
		uboLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;

		VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding samplerLayoutBinding{};
		samplerLayoutBinding.binding = 1;
		samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorCount = 1;
		samplerLayoutBinding.descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
		samplerLayoutBinding.pImmutableSamplers = nullptr;
		samplerLayoutBinding.stageFlags = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;

		std::array<VkDescriptorSetLayoutBinding, 2> bindings = { uboLayoutBinding, samplerLayoutBinding };
		VkDescriptorSetLayoutCreateInfo layoutInfo{};
		layoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		layoutInfo.bindingCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(bindings.size());
		layoutInfo.pBindings = bindings.data();

		if (vkCreateDescriptorSetLayout(device, &layoutInfo, nullptr, &descriptorSetLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor set layout!");
		}
	}

	void createGraphicsPipeline() {
		auto vertShaderCode = readFile("shaders/vert.spv");
		auto fragShaderCode = readFile("shaders/frag.spv");

		VkShaderModule vertShaderModule = createShaderModule(vertShaderCode);
		VkShaderModule fragShaderModule = createShaderModule(fragShaderCode);

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo vertShaderStageInfo{};
		vertShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		vertShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_VERTEX_BIT;
		vertShaderStageInfo.module = vertShaderModule;
		vertShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo fragShaderStageInfo{};
		fragShaderStageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_SHADER_STAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		fragShaderStageInfo.stage = VK_SHADER_STAGE_FRAGMENT_BIT;
		fragShaderStageInfo.module = fragShaderModule;
		fragShaderStageInfo.pName = "main";

		VkPipelineShaderStageCreateInfo shaderStages[] = { vertShaderStageInfo, fragShaderStageInfo };

		VkPipelineVertexInputStateCreateInfo vertexInputInfo{};
		vertexInputInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VERTEX_INPUT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;

		auto bindingDescription = Vertex::getBindingDescription();
		auto attributeDescriptions = Vertex::getAttributeDescriptions();

		vertexInputInfo.vertexBindingDescriptionCount = 1;
		vertexInputInfo.vertexAttributeDescriptionCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attributeDescriptions.size());
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexBindingDescriptions = &bindingDescription;
		vertexInputInfo.pVertexAttributeDescriptions = attributeDescriptions.data();

		VkPipelineInputAssemblyStateCreateInfo inputAssembly{};
		inputAssembly.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_INPUT_ASSEMBLY_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		inputAssembly.topology = VK_PRIMITIVE_TOPOLOGY_TRIANGLE_LIST;
		inputAssembly.primitiveRestartEnable = VK_FALSE;

		VkViewport viewport{};
		viewport.x = 0.0f;
		viewport.y = 0.0f;
		viewport.width = (float)swapChainExtent.width;
		viewport.height = (float)swapChainExtent.height;
		viewport.minDepth = 0.0f;
		viewport.maxDepth = 1.0f;

		VkRect2D scissor{};
		scissor.offset = { 0, 0 };
		scissor.extent = swapChainExtent;

		VkPipelineViewportStateCreateInfo viewportState{};
		viewportState.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_VIEWPORT_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		viewportState.viewportCount = 1;
		viewportState.pViewports = &viewport;
		viewportState.scissorCount = 1;
		viewportState.pScissors = &scissor;

		VkPipelineRasterizationStateCreateInfo rasterizer{};
		rasterizer.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_RASTERIZATION_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		rasterizer.depthClampEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.rasterizerDiscardEnable = VK_FALSE;
		rasterizer.polygonMode = VK_POLYGON_MODE_FILL;
		rasterizer.lineWidth = 1.0f;
		rasterizer.cullMode = VK_CULL_MODE_BACK_BIT;
		rasterizer.frontFace = VK_FRONT_FACE_COUNTER_CLOCKWISE;
		rasterizer.depthBiasEnable = VK_FALSE;

		VkPipelineMultisampleStateCreateInfo multisampling{};
		multisampling.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_MULTISAMPLE_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		multisampling.sampleShadingEnable = VK_FALSE;
		multisampling.rasterizationSamples = msaaSamples;

		VkPipelineDepthStencilStateCreateInfo depthStencil{};
		depthStencil.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_DEPTH_STENCIL_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		depthStencil.depthTestEnable = VK_TRUE;
		depthStencil.depthWriteEnable = VK_TRUE;
		depthStencil.depthCompareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS;
		depthStencil.depthBoundsTestEnable = VK_FALSE;
		depthStencil.stencilTestEnable = VK_FALSE;

		VkPipelineColorBlendAttachmentState colorBlendAttachment{};
		colorBlendAttachment.colorWriteMask = VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_R_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_G_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_B_BIT | VK_COLOR_COMPONENT_A_BIT;
		colorBlendAttachment.blendEnable = VK_FALSE;

		VkPipelineColorBlendStateCreateInfo colorBlending{};
		colorBlending.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_COLOR_BLEND_STATE_CREATE_INFO;
		colorBlending.logicOpEnable = VK_FALSE;
		colorBlending.logicOp = VK_LOGIC_OP_COPY;
		colorBlending.attachmentCount = 1;
		colorBlending.pAttachments = &colorBlendAttachment;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[0] = 0.0f;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[1] = 0.0f;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[2] = 0.0f;
		colorBlending.blendConstants[3] = 0.0f;

		VkPipelineLayoutCreateInfo pipelineLayoutInfo{};
		pipelineLayoutInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PIPELINE_LAYOUT_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.setLayoutCount = 1;
		pipelineLayoutInfo.pSetLayouts = &descriptorSetLayout;

		if (vkCreatePipelineLayout(device, &pipelineLayoutInfo, nullptr, &pipelineLayout) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create pipeline layout!");
		}

		VkGraphicsPipelineCreateInfo pipelineInfo{};
		pipelineInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_GRAPHICS_PIPELINE_CREATE_INFO;
		pipelineInfo.stageCount = 2;
		pipelineInfo.pStages = shaderStages;
		pipelineInfo.pVertexInputState = &vertexInputInfo;
		pipelineInfo.pInputAssemblyState = &inputAssembly;
		pipelineInfo.pViewportState = &viewportState;
		pipelineInfo.pRasterizationState = &rasterizer;
		pipelineInfo.pMultisampleState = &multisampling;
		pipelineInfo.pDepthStencilState = &depthStencil;
		pipelineInfo.pColorBlendState = &colorBlending;
		pipelineInfo.layout = pipelineLayout;
		pipelineInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
		pipelineInfo.subpass = 0;
		pipelineInfo.basePipelineHandle = VK_NULL_HANDLE;

		if (vkCreateGraphicsPipelines(device, VK_NULL_HANDLE, 1, &pipelineInfo, nullptr, &graphicsPipeline) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics pipeline!");
		}

		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, fragShaderModule, nullptr);
		vkDestroyShaderModule(device, vertShaderModule, nullptr);
	}

	void createFramebuffers() {
		swapChainFramebuffers.resize(swapChainImageViews.size());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImageViews.size(); i++) {
			std::array<VkImageView, 3> attachments = {
				colorImageView,
				depthImageView,
				swapChainImageViews[i]
			};

			VkFramebufferCreateInfo framebufferInfo{};
			framebufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FRAMEBUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
			framebufferInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			framebufferInfo.attachmentCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(attachments.size());
			framebufferInfo.pAttachments = attachments.data();
			framebufferInfo.width = swapChainExtent.width;
			framebufferInfo.height = swapChainExtent.height;
			framebufferInfo.layers = 1;

			if (vkCreateFramebuffer(device, &framebufferInfo, nullptr, &swapChainFramebuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create framebuffer!");
			}
		}
	}

	void createCommandPool() {
		QueueFamilyIndices queueFamilyIndices = findQueueFamilies(physicalDevice);

		VkCommandPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
		poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
		poolInfo.queueFamilyIndex = queueFamilyIndices.graphicsFamily.value();

		if (vkCreateCommandPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &commandPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create graphics command pool!");
		}
	}

	void createColorResources() {
		VkFormat colorFormat = swapChainImageFormat;

		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, msaaSamples, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSIENT_ATTACHMENT_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, colorImage, colorImageMemory);
		colorImageView = createImageView(colorImage, colorFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, 1);
	}

	void createDepthResources() {
		VkFormat depthFormat = findDepthFormat();

		createImage(swapChainExtent.width, swapChainExtent.height, 1, msaaSamples, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, depthImage, depthImageMemory);
		depthImageView = createImageView(depthImage, depthFormat, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_DEPTH_BIT, 1);
	}

	VkFormat findSupportedFormat(const std::vector<VkFormat>& candidates, VkImageTiling tiling, VkFormatFeatureFlags features) {
		for (VkFormat format : candidates) {
			VkFormatProperties props;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, format, &props);

			if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_LINEAR && (props.linearTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
				return format;
			}
			else if (tiling == VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL && (props.optimalTilingFeatures & features) == features) {
				return format;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find supported format!");
	}

	VkFormat findDepthFormat() {
		return findSupportedFormat(
			{ VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT, VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT, VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT },
			VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL,
			VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT_BIT
		);
	}

	bool hasStencilComponent(VkFormat format) {
		return format == VK_FORMAT_D32_SFLOAT_S8_UINT || format == VK_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT;
	}

	void createTextureImage() {
		int texWidth, texHeight, texChannels;
		stbi_uc* pixels = stbi_load(TEXTURE_PATH.c_str(), &texWidth, &texHeight, &texChannels, STBI_rgb_alpha);
		VkDeviceSize imageSize = texWidth * texHeight * 4;
		mipLevels = static_cast<uint32_t>(std::floor(std::log2(std::max(texWidth, texHeight)))) + 1;

		if (!pixels) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to load texture image!");
		}

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(imageSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, imageSize, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, pixels, static_cast<size_t>(imageSize));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

		stbi_image_free(pixels);

		createImage(texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels, VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_TILING_OPTIMAL, VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_IMAGE_USAGE_SAMPLED_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, textureImage, textureImageMemory);

		transitionImageLayout(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, mipLevels);
		copyBufferToImage(stagingBuffer, textureImage, static_cast<uint32_t>(texWidth), static_cast<uint32_t>(texHeight));
		//transitioned to VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL while generating mipmaps

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);

		generateMipmaps(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, texWidth, texHeight, mipLevels);
	}

	void generateMipmaps(VkImage image, VkFormat imageFormat, int32_t texWidth, int32_t texHeight, uint32_t mipLevels) {
		// Check if image format supports linear blitting
		VkFormatProperties formatProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFormatProperties(physicalDevice, imageFormat, &formatProperties);

		if (!(formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures & VK_FORMAT_FEATURE_SAMPLED_IMAGE_FILTER_LINEAR_BIT)) {
			throw std::runtime_error("texture image format does not support linear blitting!");
		}

		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier{};
		barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
		barrier.image = image;
		barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;
		barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = 1;

		int32_t mipWidth = texWidth;
		int32_t mipHeight = texHeight;

		for (uint32_t i = 1; i < mipLevels; i++) {
			barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = i - 1;
			barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;

			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, 0,
				0, nullptr,
				0, nullptr,
				1, &barrier);

			VkImageBlit blit{};
			blit.srcOffsets[0] = { 0, 0, 0 };
			blit.srcOffsets[1] = { mipWidth, mipHeight, 1 };
			blit.srcSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			blit.srcSubresource.mipLevel = i - 1;
			blit.srcSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			blit.srcSubresource.layerCount = 1;
			blit.dstOffsets[0] = { 0, 0, 0 };
			blit.dstOffsets[1] = { mipWidth > 1 ? mipWidth / 2 : 1, mipHeight > 1 ? mipHeight / 2 : 1, 1 };
			blit.dstSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
			blit.dstSubresource.mipLevel = i;
			blit.dstSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
			blit.dstSubresource.layerCount = 1;

			vkCmdBlitImage(commandBuffer,
				image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL,
				image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL,
				1, &blit,
				VK_FILTER_LINEAR);

			barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_SRC_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_READ_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

			vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer,
				VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0,
				0, nullptr,
				0, nullptr,
				1, &barrier);

			if (mipWidth > 1) mipWidth /= 2;
			if (mipHeight > 1) mipHeight /= 2;
		}

		barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = mipLevels - 1;
		barrier.oldLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL;
		barrier.newLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
		barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
		barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

		vkCmdPipelineBarrier(commandBuffer,
			VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT, VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT, 0,
			0, nullptr,
			0, nullptr,
			1, &barrier);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}

	VkSampleCountFlagBits getMaxUsableSampleCount() {
		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties physicalDeviceProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &physicalDeviceProperties);

		VkSampleCountFlags counts = physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferColorSampleCounts & physicalDeviceProperties.limits.framebufferDepthSampleCounts;
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_64_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_32_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_16_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_8_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_4_BIT; }
		if (counts & VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT) { return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_2_BIT; }

		return VK_SAMPLE_COUNT_1_BIT;
	}

	void createTextureImageView() {
		textureImageView = createImageView(textureImage, VK_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SRGB, VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT, mipLevels);
	}

	void createTextureSampler() {
		VkPhysicalDeviceProperties properties{};
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceProperties(physicalDevice, &properties);

		VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo{};
		samplerInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO;
		samplerInfo.magFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		samplerInfo.minFilter = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
		samplerInfo.addressModeU = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		samplerInfo.addressModeV = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		samplerInfo.addressModeW = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_REPEAT;
		samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_TRUE;
		samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = properties.limits.maxSamplerAnisotropy;
		samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_OPAQUE_BLACK;
		samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = VK_FALSE;
		samplerInfo.compareEnable = VK_FALSE;
		samplerInfo.compareOp = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
		samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
		samplerInfo.minLod = 0.0f;
		samplerInfo.maxLod = static_cast<float>(mipLevels);
		samplerInfo.mipLodBias = 0.0f;

		if (vkCreateSampler(device, &samplerInfo, nullptr, &textureSampler) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture sampler!");
		}
	}

	VkImageView createImageView(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageAspectFlags aspectFlags, uint32_t mipLevels) {
		VkImageViewCreateInfo viewInfo{};
		viewInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_VIEW_CREATE_INFO;
		viewInfo.image = image;
		viewInfo.viewType = VK_IMAGE_VIEW_TYPE_2D;
		viewInfo.format = format;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.aspectMask = aspectFlags;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		viewInfo.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

		VkImageView imageView;
		if (vkCreateImageView(device, &viewInfo, nullptr, &imageView) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create texture image view!");
		}

		return imageView;
	}

	void createImage(uint32_t width, uint32_t height, uint32_t mipLevels, VkSampleCountFlagBits numSamples, VkFormat format, VkImageTiling tiling, VkImageUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkImage& image, VkDeviceMemory& imageMemory) {
		VkImageCreateInfo imageInfo{};
		imageInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_CREATE_INFO;
		imageInfo.imageType = VK_IMAGE_TYPE_2D;
		imageInfo.extent.width = width;
		imageInfo.extent.height = height;
		imageInfo.extent.depth = 1;
		imageInfo.mipLevels = mipLevels;
		imageInfo.arrayLayers = 1;
		imageInfo.format = format;
		imageInfo.tiling = tiling;
		imageInfo.initialLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
		imageInfo.usage = usage;
		imageInfo.samples = numSamples;
		imageInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

		if (vkCreateImage(device, &imageInfo, nullptr, &image) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create image!");
		}

		VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
		vkGetImageMemoryRequirements(device, image, &memRequirements);

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

		if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &imageMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate image memory!");
		}

		vkBindImageMemory(device, image, imageMemory, 0);
	}

	void transitionImageLayout(VkImage image, VkFormat format, VkImageLayout oldLayout, VkImageLayout newLayout, uint32_t mipLevels) {
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		VkImageMemoryBarrier barrier{};
		barrier.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_IMAGE_MEMORY_BARRIER;
		barrier.oldLayout = oldLayout;
		barrier.newLayout = newLayout;
		barrier.srcQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.dstQueueFamilyIndex = VK_QUEUE_FAMILY_IGNORED;
		barrier.image = image;
		barrier.subresourceRange.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseMipLevel = 0;
		barrier.subresourceRange.levelCount = mipLevels;
		barrier.subresourceRange.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		barrier.subresourceRange.layerCount = 1;

		VkPipelineStageFlags sourceStage;
		VkPipelineStageFlags destinationStage;

		if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL) {
			barrier.srcAccessMask = 0;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;

			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TOP_OF_PIPE_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
		}
		else if (oldLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL && newLayout == VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL) {
			barrier.srcAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_TRANSFER_WRITE_BIT;
			barrier.dstAccessMask = VK_ACCESS_SHADER_READ_BIT;

			sourceStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_TRANSFER_BIT;
			destinationStage = VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_FRAGMENT_SHADER_BIT;
		}
		else {
			throw std::invalid_argument("unsupported layout transition!");
		}

		vkCmdPipelineBarrier(
			commandBuffer,
			sourceStage, destinationStage,
			0,
			0, nullptr,
			0, nullptr,
			1, &barrier
		);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}

	void copyBufferToImage(VkBuffer buffer, VkImage image, uint32_t width, uint32_t height) {
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		VkBufferImageCopy region{};
		region.bufferOffset = 0;
		region.bufferRowLength = 0;
		region.bufferImageHeight = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.aspectMask = VK_IMAGE_ASPECT_COLOR_BIT;
		region.imageSubresource.mipLevel = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.baseArrayLayer = 0;
		region.imageSubresource.layerCount = 1;
		region.imageOffset = { 0, 0, 0 };
		region.imageExtent = {
			width,
			height,
			1
		};

		vkCmdCopyBufferToImage(commandBuffer, buffer, image, VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_TRANSFER_DST_OPTIMAL, 1, &region);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}

	void loadModel() {
		tinyobj::attrib_t attrib;
		std::vector<tinyobj::shape_t> shapes;
		std::vector<tinyobj::material_t> materials;
		std::string warn, err;

		if (!tinyobj::LoadObj(&attrib, &shapes, &materials, &warn, &err, MODEL_PATH.c_str())) {
			throw std::runtime_error(warn + err);
		}

		std::unordered_map<Vertex, uint32_t> uniqueVertices{};

		for (const auto& shape : shapes) {
			for (const auto& index : shape.mesh.indices) {
				Vertex vertex{};

				vertex.pos = {
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 0],
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 1],
					attrib.vertices[3 * index.vertex_index + 2]
				};

				vertex.texCoord = {
					attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 0],
					1.0f - attrib.texcoords[2 * index.texcoord_index + 1]
				};

				vertex.color = { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f };

				if (uniqueVertices.count(vertex) == 0) {
					uniqueVertices[vertex] = static_cast<uint32_t>(vertices.size());
					vertices.push_back(vertex);
				}

				indices.push_back(uniqueVertices[vertex]);
			}
		}
	}

	void createVertexBuffer() {
		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(vertices[0]) * vertices.size();

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, vertices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_VERTEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, vertexBuffer, vertexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, vertexBuffer, bufferSize);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
	}

	void createIndexBuffer() {
		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(indices[0]) * indices.size();

		VkBuffer stagingBuffer;
		VkDeviceMemory stagingBufferMemory;
		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_SRC_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, stagingBuffer, stagingBufferMemory);

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, 0, bufferSize, 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, indices.data(), (size_t)bufferSize);
		vkUnmapMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory);

		createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_TRANSFER_DST_BIT | VK_BUFFER_USAGE_INDEX_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_DEVICE_LOCAL_BIT, indexBuffer, indexBufferMemory);

		copyBuffer(stagingBuffer, indexBuffer, bufferSize);

		vkDestroyBuffer(device, stagingBuffer, nullptr);
		vkFreeMemory(device, stagingBufferMemory, nullptr);
	}

	void createUniformBuffers() {
		VkDeviceSize bufferSize = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

		uniformBuffers.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		uniformBuffersMemory.resize(swapChainImages.size());

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			createBuffer(bufferSize, VK_BUFFER_USAGE_UNIFORM_BUFFER_BIT, VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_VISIBLE_BIT | VK_MEMORY_PROPERTY_HOST_COHERENT_BIT, uniformBuffers[i], uniformBuffersMemory[i]);
		}
	}

	void createDescriptorPool() {
		std::array<VkDescriptorPoolSize, 2> poolSizes{};
		poolSizes[0].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
		poolSizes[0].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());
		poolSizes[1].type = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
		poolSizes[1].descriptorCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());

		VkDescriptorPoolCreateInfo poolInfo{};
		poolInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_POOL_CREATE_INFO;
		poolInfo.poolSizeCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(poolSizes.size());
		poolInfo.pPoolSizes = poolSizes.data();
		poolInfo.maxSets = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());

		if (vkCreateDescriptorPool(device, &poolInfo, nullptr, &descriptorPool) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create descriptor pool!");
		}
	}

	void createDescriptorSets() {
		std::vector<VkDescriptorSetLayout> layouts(swapChainImages.size(), descriptorSetLayout);
		VkDescriptorSetAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_DESCRIPTOR_SET_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.descriptorPool = descriptorPool;
		allocInfo.descriptorSetCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(swapChainImages.size());
		allocInfo.pSetLayouts = layouts.data();

		descriptorSets.resize(swapChainImages.size());
		if (vkAllocateDescriptorSets(device, &allocInfo, descriptorSets.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate descriptor sets!");
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < swapChainImages.size(); i++) {
			VkDescriptorBufferInfo bufferInfo{};
			bufferInfo.buffer = uniformBuffers[i];
			bufferInfo.offset = 0;
			bufferInfo.range = sizeof(UniformBufferObject);

			VkDescriptorImageInfo imageInfo{};
			imageInfo.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_SHADER_READ_ONLY_OPTIMAL;
			imageInfo.imageView = textureImageView;
			imageInfo.sampler = textureSampler;

			std::array<VkWriteDescriptorSet, 2> descriptorWrites{};

			descriptorWrites[0].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
			descriptorWrites[0].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
			descriptorWrites[0].dstBinding = 0;
			descriptorWrites[0].dstArrayElement = 0;
			descriptorWrites[0].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_UNIFORM_BUFFER;
			descriptorWrites[0].descriptorCount = 1;
			descriptorWrites[0].pBufferInfo = &bufferInfo;

			descriptorWrites[1].sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_WRITE_DESCRIPTOR_SET;
			descriptorWrites[1].dstSet = descriptorSets[i];
			descriptorWrites[1].dstBinding = 1;
			descriptorWrites[1].dstArrayElement = 0;
			descriptorWrites[1].descriptorType = VK_DESCRIPTOR_TYPE_COMBINED_IMAGE_SAMPLER;
			descriptorWrites[1].descriptorCount = 1;
			descriptorWrites[1].pImageInfo = &imageInfo;

			vkUpdateDescriptorSets(device, static_cast<uint32_t>(descriptorWrites.size()), descriptorWrites.data(), 0, nullptr);
		}
	}

	void createBuffer(VkDeviceSize size, VkBufferUsageFlags usage, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties, VkBuffer& buffer, VkDeviceMemory& bufferMemory) {
		VkBufferCreateInfo bufferInfo{};
		bufferInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_BUFFER_CREATE_INFO;
		bufferInfo.size = size;
		bufferInfo.usage = usage;
		bufferInfo.sharingMode = VK_SHARING_MODE_EXCLUSIVE;

		if (vkCreateBuffer(device, &bufferInfo, nullptr, &buffer) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create buffer!");
		}

		VkMemoryRequirements memRequirements;
		vkGetBufferMemoryRequirements(device, buffer, &memRequirements);

		VkMemoryAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_MEMORY_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.allocationSize = memRequirements.size;
		allocInfo.memoryTypeIndex = findMemoryType(memRequirements.memoryTypeBits, properties);

		if (vkAllocateMemory(device, &allocInfo, nullptr, &bufferMemory) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate buffer memory!");
		}

		vkBindBufferMemory(device, buffer, bufferMemory, 0);
	}

	VkCommandBuffer beginSingleTimeCommands() {
		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;

		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer;
		vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, &commandBuffer);

		VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
		beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;
		beginInfo.flags = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_USAGE_ONE_TIME_SUBMIT_BIT;

		vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffer, &beginInfo);

		return commandBuffer;
	}

	void endSingleTimeCommands(VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer) {
		vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffer);

		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;
		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffer;

		vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, VK_NULL_HANDLE);
		vkQueueWaitIdle(graphicsQueue);

		vkFreeCommandBuffers(device, commandPool, 1, &commandBuffer);
	}

	void copyBuffer(VkBuffer srcBuffer, VkBuffer dstBuffer, VkDeviceSize size) {
		VkCommandBuffer commandBuffer = beginSingleTimeCommands();

		VkBufferCopy copyRegion{};
		copyRegion.size = size;
		vkCmdCopyBuffer(commandBuffer, srcBuffer, dstBuffer, 1, &copyRegion);

		endSingleTimeCommands(commandBuffer);
	}

	uint32_t findMemoryType(uint32_t typeFilter, VkMemoryPropertyFlags properties) {
		VkPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memProperties;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties(physicalDevice, &memProperties);

		for (uint32_t i = 0; i < memProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++) {
			if ((typeFilter & (1 << i)) && (memProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & properties) == properties) {
				return i;
			}
		}

		throw std::runtime_error("failed to find suitable memory type!");
	}

	void createCommandBuffers() {
		commandBuffers.resize(swapChainFramebuffers.size());

		VkCommandBufferAllocateInfo allocInfo{};
		allocInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_ALLOCATE_INFO;
		allocInfo.commandPool = commandPool;
		allocInfo.level = VK_COMMAND_BUFFER_LEVEL_PRIMARY;
		allocInfo.commandBufferCount = (uint32_t)commandBuffers.size();

		if (vkAllocateCommandBuffers(device, &allocInfo, commandBuffers.data()) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to allocate command buffers!");
		}

		for (size_t i = 0; i < commandBuffers.size(); i++) {
			VkCommandBufferBeginInfo beginInfo{};
			beginInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_COMMAND_BUFFER_BEGIN_INFO;

			if (vkBeginCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i], &beginInfo) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to begin recording command buffer!");
			}

			VkRenderPassBeginInfo renderPassInfo{};
			renderPassInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_RENDER_PASS_BEGIN_INFO;
			renderPassInfo.renderPass = renderPass;
			renderPassInfo.framebuffer = swapChainFramebuffers[i];
			renderPassInfo.renderArea.offset = { 0, 0 };
			renderPassInfo.renderArea.extent = swapChainExtent;

			std::array<VkClearValue, 2> clearValues{};
			clearValues[0].color = { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f };
			clearValues[1].depthStencil = { 1.0f, 0 };

			renderPassInfo.clearValueCount = static_cast<uint32_t>(clearValues.size());
			renderPassInfo.pClearValues = clearValues.data();

			vkCmdBeginRenderPass(commandBuffers[i], &renderPassInfo, VK_SUBPASS_CONTENTS_INLINE);

			vkCmdBindPipeline(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, graphicsPipeline);

			VkBuffer vertexBuffers[] = { vertexBuffer };
			VkDeviceSize offsets[] = { 0 };
			vkCmdBindVertexBuffers(commandBuffers[i], 0, 1, vertexBuffers, offsets);

			vkCmdBindIndexBuffer(commandBuffers[i], indexBuffer, 0, VK_INDEX_TYPE_UINT32);

			vkCmdBindDescriptorSets(commandBuffers[i], VK_PIPELINE_BIND_POINT_GRAPHICS, pipelineLayout, 0, 1, &descriptorSets[i], 0, nullptr);

			vkCmdDrawIndexed(commandBuffers[i], static_cast<uint32_t>(indices.size()), 1, 0, 0, 0);

			vkCmdEndRenderPass(commandBuffers[i]);

			if (vkEndCommandBuffer(commandBuffers[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to record command buffer!");
			}
		}
	}

	void createSyncObjects() {
		imageAvailableSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		renderFinishedSemaphores.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		inFlightFences.resize(MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT);
		imagesInFlight.resize(swapChainImages.size(), VK_NULL_HANDLE);

		VkSemaphoreCreateInfo semaphoreInfo{};
		semaphoreInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SEMAPHORE_CREATE_INFO;

		VkFenceCreateInfo fenceInfo{};
		fenceInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_FENCE_CREATE_INFO;
		fenceInfo.flags = VK_FENCE_CREATE_SIGNALED_BIT;

		for (size_t i = 0; i < MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT; i++) {
			if (vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &imageAvailableSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateSemaphore(device, &semaphoreInfo, nullptr, &renderFinishedSemaphores[i]) != VK_SUCCESS ||
				vkCreateFence(device, &fenceInfo, nullptr, &inFlightFences[i]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
				throw std::runtime_error("failed to create synchronization objects for a frame!");
			}
		}
	}

	void updateUniformBuffer(uint32_t currentImage) {
		static auto startTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();

		auto currentTime = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now();
		float time = std::chrono::duration<float, std::chrono::seconds::period>(currentTime - startTime).count();

		UniformBufferObject ubo{};
		ubo.model = glm::rotate(glm::mat4(1.0f), time * glm::radians(90.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		ubo.view = glm::lookAt(glm::vec3(2.0f, 2.0f, 2.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f), glm::vec3(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f));
		ubo.proj = glm::perspective(glm::radians(45.0f), swapChainExtent.width / (float)swapChainExtent.height, 0.1f, 10.0f);
		ubo.proj[1][1] *= -1;

		void* data;
		vkMapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage], 0, sizeof(ubo), 0, &data);
		memcpy(data, &ubo, sizeof(ubo));
		vkUnmapMemory(device, uniformBuffersMemory[currentImage]);
	}

	void drawFrame() {
		vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);

		uint32_t imageIndex;
		VkResult result = vkAcquireNextImageKHR(device, swapChain, UINT64_MAX, imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame], VK_NULL_HANDLE, &imageIndex);

		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR) {
			recreateSwapChain();
			return;
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS && result != VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to acquire swap chain image!");
		}

		updateUniformBuffer(imageIndex);

		if (imagesInFlight[imageIndex] != VK_NULL_HANDLE) {
			vkWaitForFences(device, 1, &imagesInFlight[imageIndex], VK_TRUE, UINT64_MAX);
		}
		imagesInFlight[imageIndex] = inFlightFences[currentFrame];

		VkSubmitInfo submitInfo{};
		submitInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SUBMIT_INFO;

		VkSemaphore waitSemaphores[] = { imageAvailableSemaphores[currentFrame] };
		VkPipelineStageFlags waitStages[] = { VK_PIPELINE_STAGE_COLOR_ATTACHMENT_OUTPUT_BIT };
		submitInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pWaitSemaphores = waitSemaphores;
		submitInfo.pWaitDstStageMask = waitStages;

		submitInfo.commandBufferCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pCommandBuffers = &commandBuffers[imageIndex];

		VkSemaphore signalSemaphores[] = { renderFinishedSemaphores[currentFrame] };
		submitInfo.signalSemaphoreCount = 1;
		submitInfo.pSignalSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		vkResetFences(device, 1, &inFlightFences[currentFrame]);

		if (vkQueueSubmit(graphicsQueue, 1, &submitInfo, inFlightFences[currentFrame]) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to submit draw command buffer!");
		}

		VkPresentInfoKHR presentInfo{};
		presentInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_PRESENT_INFO_KHR;

		presentInfo.waitSemaphoreCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pWaitSemaphores = signalSemaphores;

		VkSwapchainKHR swapChains[] = { swapChain };
		presentInfo.swapchainCount = 1;
		presentInfo.pSwapchains = swapChains;

		presentInfo.pImageIndices = &imageIndex;

		result = vkQueuePresentKHR(presentQueue, &presentInfo);

		if (result == VK_ERROR_OUT_OF_DATE_KHR || result == VK_SUBOPTIMAL_KHR || framebufferResized) {
			framebufferResized = false;
			recreateSwapChain();
		}
		else if (result != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to present swap chain image!");
		}

		currentFrame = (currentFrame + 1) % MAX_FRAMES_IN_FLIGHT;
	}

	VkShaderModule createShaderModule(const std::vector<char>& code) {
		VkShaderModuleCreateInfo createInfo{};
		createInfo.sType = VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SHADER_MODULE_CREATE_INFO;
		createInfo.codeSize = code.size();
		createInfo.pCode = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(code.data());

		VkShaderModule shaderModule;
		if (vkCreateShaderModule(device, &createInfo, nullptr, &shaderModule) != VK_SUCCESS) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to create shader module!");
		}

		return shaderModule;
	}

	VkSurfaceFormatKHR chooseSwapSurfaceFormat(const std::vector<VkSurfaceFormatKHR>& availableFormats) {
		for (const auto& availableFormat : availableFormats) {
			if (availableFormat.format == VK_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_SRGB && availableFormat.colorSpace == VK_COLOR_SPACE_SRGB_NONLINEAR_KHR) {
				return availableFormat;
			}
		}

		return availableFormats[0];
	}

	VkPresentModeKHR chooseSwapPresentMode(const std::vector<VkPresentModeKHR>& availablePresentModes) {
		for (const auto& availablePresentMode : availablePresentModes) {
			if (availablePresentMode == VK_PRESENT_MODE_MAILBOX_KHR) {
				return availablePresentMode;
			}
		}

		return VK_PRESENT_MODE_FIFO_KHR;
	}

	VkExtent2D chooseSwapExtent(const VkSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR& capabilities) {
		if (capabilities.currentExtent.width != UINT32_MAX) {
			return capabilities.currentExtent;
		}
		else {
			int width, height;
			glfwGetFramebufferSize(window, &width, &height);

			VkExtent2D actualExtent = {
				static_cast<uint32_t>(width),
				static_cast<uint32_t>(height)
			};

			actualExtent.width = std::clamp(actualExtent.width, capabilities.minImageExtent.width, capabilities.maxImageExtent.width);
			actualExtent.height = std::clamp(actualExtent.height, capabilities.minImageExtent.height, capabilities.maxImageExtent.height);

			return actualExtent;
		}
	}

	SwapChainSupportDetails querySwapChainSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		SwapChainSupportDetails details;

		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceCapabilitiesKHR(device, surface, &details.capabilities);

		uint32_t formatCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, nullptr);

		if (formatCount != 0) {
			details.formats.resize(formatCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceFormatsKHR(device, surface, &formatCount, details.formats.data());
		}

		uint32_t presentModeCount;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, nullptr);

		if (presentModeCount != 0) {
			details.presentModes.resize(presentModeCount);
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfacePresentModesKHR(device, surface, &presentModeCount, details.presentModes.data());
		}

		return details;
	}

	bool isDeviceSuitable(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices = findQueueFamilies(device);

		bool extensionsSupported = checkDeviceExtensionSupport(device);

		bool swapChainAdequate = false;
		if (extensionsSupported) {
			SwapChainSupportDetails swapChainSupport = querySwapChainSupport(device);
			swapChainAdequate = !swapChainSupport.formats.empty() && !swapChainSupport.presentModes.empty();
		}

		VkPhysicalDeviceFeatures supportedFeatures;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceFeatures(device, &supportedFeatures);

		return indices.isComplete() && extensionsSupported && swapChainAdequate && supportedFeatures.samplerAnisotropy;
	}

	bool checkDeviceExtensionSupport(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		uint32_t extensionCount;
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkExtensionProperties> availableExtensions(extensionCount);
		vkEnumerateDeviceExtensionProperties(device, nullptr, &extensionCount, availableExtensions.data());

		std::set<std::string> requiredExtensions(deviceExtensions.begin(), deviceExtensions.end());

		for (const auto& extension : availableExtensions) {
			requiredExtensions.erase(extension.extensionName);
		}

		return requiredExtensions.empty();
	}

	QueueFamilyIndices findQueueFamilies(VkPhysicalDevice device) {
		QueueFamilyIndices indices;

		uint32_t queueFamilyCount = 0;
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkQueueFamilyProperties> queueFamilies(queueFamilyCount);
		vkGetPhysicalDeviceQueueFamilyProperties(device, &queueFamilyCount, queueFamilies.data());

		int i = 0;
		for (const auto& queueFamily : queueFamilies) {
			if (queueFamily.queueFlags & VK_QUEUE_GRAPHICS_BIT) {
				indices.graphicsFamily = i;
			}

			VkBool32 presentSupport = false;
			vkGetPhysicalDeviceSurfaceSupportKHR(device, i, surface, &presentSupport);

			if (presentSupport) {
				indices.presentFamily = i;
			}

			if (indices.isComplete()) {
				break;
			}

			i++;
		}

		return indices;
	}

	std::vector<const char*> getRequiredExtensions() {
		uint32_t glfwExtensionCount = 0;
		const char** glfwExtensions;
		glfwExtensions = glfwGetRequiredInstanceExtensions(&glfwExtensionCount);

		std::vector<const char*> extensions(glfwExtensions, glfwExtensions + glfwExtensionCount);

		if (enableValidationLayers) {
			extensions.push_back(VK_EXT_DEBUG_UTILS_EXTENSION_NAME);
		}

		return extensions;
	}

	bool checkValidationLayerSupport() {
		uint32_t layerCount;
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, nullptr);

		std::vector<VkLayerProperties> availableLayers(layerCount);
		vkEnumerateInstanceLayerProperties(&layerCount, availableLayers.data());

		for (const char* layerName : validationLayers) {
			bool layerFound = false;

			for (const auto& layerProperties : availableLayers) {
				if (strcmp(layerName, layerProperties.layerName) == 0) {
					layerFound = true;
					break;
				}
			}

			if (!layerFound) {
				return false;
			}
		}

		return true;
	}

	static std::vector<char> readFile(const std::string& filename) {
		std::ifstream file(filename, std::ios::ate | std::ios::binary);

		if (!file.is_open()) {
			throw std::runtime_error("failed to open file!");
		}

		size_t fileSize = (size_t)file.tellg();
		std::vector<char> buffer(fileSize);

		file.seekg(0);
		file.read(buffer.data(), fileSize);

		file.close();

		return buffer;
	}

	static VKAPI_ATTR VkBool32 VKAPI_CALL debugCallback(VkDebugUtilsMessageSeverityFlagBitsEXT messageSeverity, VkDebugUtilsMessageTypeFlagsEXT messageType, const VkDebugUtilsMessengerCallbackDataEXT* pCallbackData, void* pUserData) {
		std::cerr << "validation layer: " << pCallbackData->pMessage << std::endl;

		return VK_FALSE;
	}
};

int main() {
	HelloTriangleApplication app;

	try {
		app.run();
	}
	catch (const std::exception& e) {
		std::cerr << e.what() << std::endl;
		return EXIT_FAILURE;
	}

	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
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