Python3操作文件，目录和路径

[b][size=large][color=blue]1.遍历文件夹和文件[/color]
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 import os
 import os.path
 rootdir = "d:/test"
 for parent,dirnames,filenames in os.walk(rootdir):
     # case 1:
     for dirname in dirnames:
        print ( "parent is:" + parent)
        print ( " dirnames is:" + dirname)
     # case 2:
     for filename in filenames:
        print ( " parent is:" + parent)
        print ( " filename with full path:" + os.path.join(parent,filename))

[quote]
知识点：
1. os.walk 返回一个三元组，其中dirnames是所有文件夹名字,filenames是所有文件的名字,parent表示父目录。
2. case 1 演示如何遍历所有目录
3. case 2 演示如何遍历所有文件
4. os.path.join(dirname,filename):将"/test/java"和"helloworld.java"变成/test/java/helloworld.java
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[b][size=large][color=blue]2.复制文件[/color]
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import shutil
import os
import os.path

src = "d:\\test\\test1.txt"
dst = "d:\\test\\test2.txt"
dst2 = "d:/test/test.txt" 

dir1 = os.path.dirname(src)

print ("dir1 %s" %s dir1)

if(os.path.exists(src) == False):
    os.makedirs(dir1)

f1 = open(src," w")
f1.write( "line a\n" )
f1.write( "line b\n" )
f1.close();

shutil.copy(src,dst)
shutil.copyfile(src,dst2)
f2 = open(dst," r ")
for line in f2:
   print(line)
f2.close()

#测试复制文件夹树
try:
  srcDir = "d:/test1"
  dstDir = "d:/test2"
  # 如果dstDir已经存在，那么shutil.copytree方法会报错
  # 这也意味着你不能直接用d:作为目标路径
  shutil.copytree(srcDir,dstDir)
except Exception as err:
   print (err)

[quote]
知识点：
1. shutil.copyfile：如何复制文件
2. os.path.exists: 如何判断文件夹是否存在
3. shutil.copytree: 如何复制目录树
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[b][size=large][color=blue]3.分割路径和文件名[/color]
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import os.path
#常用函数有三种：分隔路径，找出文件名，找出盘符(window系统)，找出文件的扩展名。
spath = "d:/test/test.7z"

# case 1:
p,f = os.path.split(spath);
print ( "dir is:" + p)
print ( " file is:" + f)
# case 2:
drv,left = os.path.splitdrive(spath);
print ( " driver is:" + drv)
print ( " left is:" + left)

# case 3:
f,ext = os.path.splitext(spath);
print ( " f is: " + f)
print ( " ext is:" + ext)

[quote]
知识点：
1. 这是哪个函数都返回二元组
2. case1 分隔目录和文件名
3. case2 分隔盘符和文件名
4. case3 分隔文件和扩展名
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[b][color=red]函数总结[/color][/b]
[quote]
1. os.walk(spath)
2. os.path.split(spath)
3. os.path.splitdrive(spath)
4. os.path.splitext(spath)
5. os.path.join(path1,path2)
6. os.path.dirname(path)
7. os.path.exists(path)
8. shutil.copyfile(src, dst)
9. shutil.copytree(srcDir, dstDir)
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[b][size=large][color=blue]文件备份程序[/color]
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import  os
import  shutil
import  datetime
''' 
作用：将目录备份到其他路径。
实际效果：
假设给定目录"/media/data/programmer/project/python" ，
备份路径"/home/diegoyun/backup/“ ，
则会将python目录备份到备份路径下，形如：
/home/diegoyun/backup/yyyymmddHHMMSS/python/xxx/yyy/zzz..

用法:更改这两个参数.
backdir:备份目的地.
copydirs:想要备份的文件夹.
''' 

def  mainLogic():
     # add dirs you want to copy 
    backdir = " d:\\test " 
     print (backdir)

    copydirs = []
    copydirs.append( " d:\\temp " );
     # copydirs.append("d:\\test"); 



     print ( " Copying files  =================== " )
    start = datetime.datetime.now()

     # gen a data folder for backup 
    backdir = os.path.join(backdir,start.strftime( " %Y-%m-%d " ))
     # print("backdir is:"+backdir) 


    kc = 0
     for  d  in  copydirs:
        kc = kc + copyFiles(d,backdir)

    end = datetime.datetime.now()
     print ( " Finished! =================== " )
     print ( " Total files :  "   +  str(kc) )
     print ( " Elapsed time :  "   +  str((end - start).seconds) + "  seconds " )

def  copyFiles(copydir,backdir):
    prefix = getPathPrefix(copydir)
     # print("prefix is:"+prefix )    

    i = 0
     for  dirpath,dirnames,filenames  in  os.walk(copydir):
         for  name  in  filenames:
            oldpath = os.path.join(dirpath,name)
            newpath = omitPrefix(dirpath,prefix)
             print ( " backdir is: " + backdir )           
            newpath = os.path.join(backdir,newpath)
             print ( " newpath is: " + newpath)

             if  os.path.exists(newpath) != True:
                os.makedirs(newpath)  
            newpath = os.path.join(newpath,name)
             print ( " From: " + oldpath + "  to: " + newpath)
            shutil.copyfile(oldpath,newpath)
            i = i + 1 
     return  i    

def  getPathPrefix(fullpath):
     # Giving /media/data/programmer/project/ , get the prefix 
     # /media/data/programmer/ 
    l = fullpath.split(os.path.sep)
     # print(str(l[-1]=="")     
     if  l[ - 1 ] == "" :
        tmp = l[ - 2 ]
     else :
        tmp = l[ - 1 ]
     return  fullpath[0:len(fullpath) - len(tmp) - 1 ]

def  omitPrefix(fullpath,prefix):
     # Giving /media/data/programmer/project/python/tutotial/file/test.py , 
     # and prefix is Giving /media/data/programmer/project/, 
     # return path as python/tutotial/file/test.py 
     return  fullpath[len(prefix) + 1 :]

mainLogic()