一、序言
在有些系统中,存在大量相同或相似对象的创建问题,如果用传统的构造函数来创建对象,会比较复杂且耗时耗资源,用原型模式生成对象就很高效,就像孙悟空拔下猴毛轻轻⼀吹就变出很多孙悟空⼀样简单。
二、原型模式的定义与特点
原型(Prototype)模式的定义如下:
用⼀个已经创建的实例作为原型,通过复制该原型对象来创建⼀个和原型相同或相似的新对象。
在这⾥,原型实例指定了要创建的对象的种类。⽤这种⽅式创建对象⾮常⾼效,根本⽆须知道对象创建的细节。
例如,Windows 操作系统的安装通常较耗时,如果复制就快了很多。在⽣活中复制的例⼦⾮常多,这⾥不⼀⼀列举了。
三、原型模式的结构与实现
由于 Java 提供了对象的 clone() ⽅法,所以⽤ Java 实现原型模式很简单。
1、模式的结构
原型模式包含以下主要⻆⾊。
- 抽象原型类:规定了具体原型对象必须实现的接⼝。
- 具体原型类:实现抽象原型类的 clone() ⽅法,它是可被复制的对象。
- 访问类:使⽤具体原型类中的 clone() ⽅法来复制新的对象。
2、模式的实现
原型模式的克隆分为浅克隆和深克隆,Java 中的 Object 类提供了浅克隆的 clone() ⽅法,具体原型类只要实现 Cloneable 接⼝就可实现对象的浅克隆,这⾥的 Cloneable 接⼝就是抽象原型类。浅拷贝实现Cloneable,重写,深拷贝是通过实现Serializable读取二进制流。
首先我们常见一个类继承Cloneable接口,然后重写里面的clone方法
//具体原型类
public class Realizetype implements Cloneable
{
Realizetype()
{
System.out.println("具体原型创建成功!");
}
public Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException
{
System.out.println("具体原型复制成功!");
return (Realizetype)super.clone();
}
}
测试类
//原型模式的测试类 public class PrototypeTest { public static void main(String[] args)throws CloneNotSupportedException {
Realizetype obj1<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Realizetype</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> Realizetype obj2<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Realizetype<span class="token punctuation">)</span>obj1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">clone</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"obj1==obj2?"</span><span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>obj1<span class="token operator">==</span>obj2<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
具体原型创建成功!
具体原型复制成功!
obj1==obj2?false
实现克隆操作,继承Cloneable,重写clone()方法。
原型模式同样用于隔离类对象的使用者和具体类型(易变类)之间的耦合关系,它同样要求这些“易变类”拥有稳定的接口。
3、原型模式的应用场景
①对象之间相同或相似,即只是个别的几个属性不同的时候。
②对象的创建过程比较麻烦,但复制比较简单的时候。
public class Citation implements Cloneable { String name; String info; String college;
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token function">Citation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> String info<span class="token punctuation">,</span> String college<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>name <span class="token operator">=</span> name<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>info <span class="token operator">=</span> info<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>college <span class="token operator">=</span> college<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> String <span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token keyword">return</span> name<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String name<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>name <span class="token operator">=</span> name<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> String <span class="token function">getInfo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token keyword">return</span> info<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setInfo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String info<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>info <span class="token operator">=</span> info<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> String <span class="token function">getCollege</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token keyword">return</span> college<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setCollege</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String college<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>college <span class="token operator">=</span> college<span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">display</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">+</span>info<span class="token operator">+</span>college<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span> <span class="token keyword">public</span> Object <span class="token function">clone</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> CloneNotSupportedException <span class="token punctuation">{</span> System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"奖状拷⻉成功!"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>Citation<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token keyword">super</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">clone</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span> <span class="token punctuation">}</span>
}
//原型模式的测试类
public class PrototypeTest {
public static void main(String[] args)throws CloneNotSupportedException {
Citation obj1=new Citation("卢本伟","同学:在2020学年获得一等奖学金","武汉大学");
obj1.display();
Citation obj2=(Citation) obj1.clone();
obj2.setName("PDD");
obj2.display();
}
}
卢本伟同学:在2020学年获得一等奖学金武汉大学
奖状拷⻉成功!
PDD同学:在2020学年获得一等奖学金武汉大学
①原型模式(Prototype Pattern)用于创建重复的对象,同时又能保证性能。
②它属于创建型设计模式,它提供了一种创建对象的最佳方法。
③这种模式是实现了一个原型接口,该接口用于创建当前对象的克隆。当直接创建对象的代价比较大时,则采用这种模式。
④例如,一个对象需要在一个高代价的数据库操作之后被创建。我们可以缓存该对象,在下一个请求时返回它的克隆,在需要的时候更新数据库,以此来减少数据库调用。
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