面试常问到的java设计模式-原型模式讲解

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一、序言

在有些系统中，存在大量相同或相似对象的创建问题，如果用传统的构造函数来创建对象，会比较复杂且耗时耗资源，用原型模式生成对象就很高效，就像孙悟空拔下猴毛轻轻⼀吹就变出很多孙悟空⼀样简单。

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二、原型模式的定义与特点

原型（Prototype）模式的定义如下：

用⼀个已经创建的实例作为原型，通过复制该原型对象来创建⼀个和原型相同或相似的新对象。

在这⾥，原型实例指定了要创建的对象的种类。⽤这种⽅式创建对象⾮常⾼效，根本⽆须知道对象创建的细节。

例如，Windows 操作系统的安装通常较耗时，如果复制就快了很多。在⽣活中复制的例⼦⾮常多，这⾥不⼀⼀列举了。

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三、原型模式的结构与实现

由于 Java 提供了对象的 clone() ⽅法，所以⽤ Java 实现原型模式很简单。

1、模式的结构

原型模式包含以下主要⻆⾊。

1. 抽象原型类：规定了具体原型对象必须实现的接⼝。
2. 具体原型类：实现抽象原型类的 clone() ⽅法，它是可被复制的对象。
3. 访问类：使⽤具体原型类中的 clone() ⽅法来复制新的对象。

2、模式的实现

原型模式的克隆分为浅克隆和深克隆，Java 中的 Object 类提供了浅克隆的 clone() ⽅法，具体原型类只要实现 Cloneable 接⼝就可实现对象的浅克隆，这⾥的 Cloneable 接⼝就是抽象原型类。浅拷贝实现Cloneable，重写，深拷贝是通过实现Serializable读取二进制流。

• 首先我们常见一个类继承Cloneable接口，然后重写里面的clone方法

//具体原型类
public class Realizetype implements Cloneable
{
    Realizetype()
    {
        System.out.println("具体原型创建成功！");
    }
    public Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException
    {
        System.out.println("具体原型复制成功！");
        return (Realizetype)super.clone();
    }
}

 
 

• 测试类

//原型模式的测试类
public class PrototypeTest {
    public static void main(String[] args)throws CloneNotSupportedException {
    Realizetype obj1<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token keyword">new</span> <span class="token class-name">Realizetype</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    Realizetype obj2<span class="token operator">=</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>Realizetype<span class="token punctuation">)</span>obj1<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">clone</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"obj1==obj2?"</span><span class="token operator">+</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>obj1<span class="token operator">==</span>obj2<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>

<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

具体原型创建成功！
具体原型复制成功！
obj1==obj2?false

 
 

实现克隆操作，继承Cloneable，重写clone()方法。

原型模式同样用于隔离类对象的使用者和具体类型（易变类）之间的耦合关系，它同样要求这些“易变类”拥有稳定的接口。

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3、原型模式的应用场景

①对象之间相同或相似，即只是个别的几个属性不同的时候。

②对象的创建过程比较麻烦，但复制比较简单的时候。

public class Citation implements Cloneable {
    String name;
    String info;
    String college;
<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token function">Citation</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String name<span class="token punctuation">,</span> String info<span class="token punctuation">,</span> String college<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>name <span class="token operator">=</span> name<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>info <span class="token operator">=</span> info<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>college <span class="token operator">=</span> college<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> String <span class="token function">getName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> name<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setName</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String name<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>name <span class="token operator">=</span> name<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> String <span class="token function">getInfo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> info<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setInfo</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String info<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>info <span class="token operator">=</span> info<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> String <span class="token function">getCollege</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> college<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

<span class="token keyword">public</span> <span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">setCollege</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>String college<span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    <span class="token keyword">this</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span>college <span class="token operator">=</span> college<span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>


<span class="token keyword">void</span> <span class="token function">display</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span>
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span>name<span class="token operator">+</span>info<span class="token operator">+</span>college<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>


<span class="token keyword">public</span> Object <span class="token function">clone</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span> <span class="token keyword">throws</span> CloneNotSupportedException
<span class="token punctuation">{</span>
    System<span class="token punctuation">.</span>out<span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">println</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token string">"奖状拷⻉成功！"</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
    <span class="token keyword">return</span> <span class="token punctuation">(</span>Citation<span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token keyword">super</span><span class="token punctuation">.</span><span class="token function">clone</span><span class="token punctuation">(</span><span class="token punctuation">)</span><span class="token punctuation">;</span>
<span class="token punctuation">}</span>

}

//原型模式的测试类
public class PrototypeTest {
    public static void main(String[] args)throws CloneNotSupportedException {
        Citation obj1=new Citation("卢本伟","同学：在2020学年获得一等奖学金","武汉大学");
        obj1.display();
        Citation obj2=(Citation) obj1.clone();
        obj2.setName("PDD");
        obj2.display();
    }
}

 
 

卢本伟同学：在2020学年获得一等奖学金武汉大学
奖状拷⻉成功！
PDD同学：在2020学年获得一等奖学金武汉大学

 
 

①原型模式（Prototype Pattern）用于创建重复的对象，同时又能保证性能。
②它属于创建型设计模式，它提供了一种创建对象的最佳方法。
③这种模式是实现了一个原型接口，该接口用于创建当前对象的克隆。当直接创建对象的代价比较大时，则采用这种模式。
④例如，一个对象需要在一个高代价的数据库操作之后被创建。我们可以缓存该对象，在下一个请求时返回它的克隆，在需要的时候更新数据库，以此来减少数据库调用。

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