撰写英文学术文章

撰写英文学术文章应该避免中式英文和其他应该注意的事

让写作更清楚明了，善用一个字来取代词组。

in view of the foregoing circumstances => therefore

are found to be in agreement => agree

due to the fact that => because

examined in comparison to => compared to

has the ability to => can

has the capability of => can

(with) the passage of time => (with) time

at this point in time => now

for the purpose of => for

by means of => by

a small number of => few

a large number of => many

经常误用的字词。

almost the same = equivalent, comparable

almost the same 较为口语，不太适合用。如果你的研究结果有需要表达“同样的”或“相似的”，可以用 equivalent (接近 the same)、identical、similar 或 comparable。

on the contrary = in contrast

On the contrary 为主观，口语。

In contrast 为客观，适合用于科学写作。

On the other hand = However/In contrast

On the other hand 为“另外一方面”太中式的感觉，适合用于对话。如果有需要比较或对比的话，用 however 或者特别强调差异差异，就用 in contrast。

容易使用混淆的字

administer/administrate

To administrate 表示去管理或组织。药物是被 administered,而不是被administrated。Administration是administer的名词。

Vocabulary.com 的定义

administer: When you administer some thing, you give it to others. This can apply to a dose of medicine, an order, a survey, or a punishment. Administer can also mean to run something - such as a school or an office.

administrate: To administrate is to manage or run something. People who administrate are in charge.

有人说 administrate 是非英语系国家的人误把它当成 administration 的动词。

我看了一些例句，我觉得如果管理的对象有包含人，适合用 administrate, 否则一律用 administer。

affect/effect

affect(v) 表示去影响，effect(v) 表示引起或使发生。

affect(n) 表示情绪，effect(n) 表示结果。

alteration/alternation

alternation 表示轮流发生的两个事物。

alteration 表示改变可以用来当做 mutation 的同义词。

两个意思完全不同。

common/popular

Popular 常被误用来表示 common、prevalent 或 widespread，这是非常不合适的，因为 popular 实际上表示被特别喜欢或偏好。

例如： Cancer was the most  popular cause of death in this population. 应该是 Cancer was the most  common cause of death in this population.

conservative/conserved

Conservative 意指某医疗具有限制或是建立完好的程序。如DNA序列会在物种间被 conserved，这些区域被称做 conserved 区域。

例子： All clones contained the highly  conserved sof sequence.

            Due to complications, we selected  conservative treatment for this case.

describe/report

describe 用于全集，report 用于子集。

如 patient （病患）为一个全集，而 case （案例）为子集。但是在此 patient 或 case 都可以被 described。

dose/dosage

Dose 为一特定数量，而 dosage 暗指疗程，所以通常不是疗程的药物用法用量。

例子： Patients received an initial  dose of 25 mg and thereafter a  dosage of 10 mg twice a day for two weeks.

etc.

Etc. 为不明确的措辞，在科学论文里最好避免。用 such as 或 including 带出一连串同类事物时，最后不要加 etc.。当某一串事物为确切包含的，或是当要厘清或定义某事是，使用 i.e.。

例子： Change in height (i.e., height velocity) may only be transiently reduced in asthmatic children.

mutant/mutation

再以DAN为例，mutation （突变）时起出 DAN 一连串的变化。而 mutant 指的是生物、族群或基因出现一项或多于一项的突变。mutant 没有基因位点，只有表型；mutation 可以规划，而 mutant 不行。

例如： We mapped the ABC  mutant to chromosome 6q16. 应该是 We mapped the ABC  mutation to chromosome 6q16.

on/upon

Upon 永远是 on 的意思， 因此要改写成 on。

remarkable/marked

Remarkable 常被误用来不是一个值得注意但不显著的改变，正确的字应该是 marked。

例如： There was a  remarkable increase in binding. 应该是 There was a  marked increase in binding.

reproductive/reproducible

Reproductive 指生物产生后代的过程，不可用来描述可重复的结果。可再重复结果为 reproducible，可以再生或复制。

例如： Results were  reproductive in all three experiments. 应该是 Results were  reproducible in all three experiments.

避免使用重复的字词或成语。

consensus of opinion => consensus

whether or nor => whether

fewer in number => fewer

exact duplicate => duplicate

estimated at about => estimated

sum total => sum

in order to => to

elongated in shape => elongated

both of them => both

excised out => excised

例如： ...levels of adenosine concentration increased... 应该是 adenosine levels increased...

避免口语英文

nowadays => presently, currently

for instance => for example

despite the fact that => although

goes under the name of => is called

on the contrary => in contrast

firstly => initially

to begin with => initially

be that as it may => however

at last => finally

in as much as => because

by the way => (delete)

as a matter of fact => (delete)

避免缩写形式

'til now (until now) => to (date)

it's => it is

weren't => were not

didn't => did not

haven't => have not

can't => cannot

避免使用双重否定句子

双重否定就是肯定，论文写作不适合使用。

转折词的使用

专业英文写作 上不要过度使用转折词。

比较正式的一些转折词

1. 加入信息 (in addition, furthermore, moreover)

2. 连接效果或结果 (therefore, thus)

3. 产生对比 (however, in contrast, whereas, although)

4. 总结意见 (in conclusion, in summary)

不要用口语转折词

Indeed, In fact, Accordingly, For instance, On the other hand, As a matter of fact, Nevertheless, Additionally.

参考文献: Academic Writing for Journal Publication in Taiwan Quarterly